Model Advokasi Bagi Penyandang Disabilitas sebagai Upaya untuk Meningkatkan Ketahanan Sosial

The general objective of research is to formulate an advocacy model for the disabled as the attempt of improving social tenacity. Meanwhile the particular objective of study are firstly to identify the background and characteristics of the disabled in Solo Raya, secondly to identify the helplessness of the disabled viewed from the social aspect in Solo Raya, and thirdly to develop an advocacy model for the disabled to improve the social tenacity. The method used is the qualitative research one with the data taken from the result of observation, interview and implementation of Focus Group Discussion with the disabled and those related to them. This research will be conducted for 2 years with the first output in the first year including data identification result, scientific article for journal, and draft advocacy model for the disabled as the attempt of improving the social tenacity. The output of second year expected is the created advocacy manual for the disabled as the attempt of improving the social tenacity. The result of research in the first is that the background and characteristics of disability of the disabled in Solo Raya is characterized by sex, age, and disability type, while the identification of helplessness condition the disabled encountering in Solo Raya is affected by internal and external factors. The draft model advocacy for the disabled as the attempt of improving social tenacity is conceptualized into two steps: at policy level (Service/SKPD) and at Grassroots leve

Machine Tool Communication (MTComm) Method and Its Applications in a Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Cloud

The integration of cyber-physical systems and cloud manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize existing manufacturing systems by enabling better accessibility, agility, and efficiency. To achieve this, it is necessary to establish a communication method of manufacturing services over the Internet to access and manage physical machines from cloud applications. Most of the existing industrial automation protocols utilize Ethernet based Local Area Network (LAN) and are not designed specifically for Internet enabled data transmission. Recently MTConnect has been gaining popularity as a standard for monitoring status of machine tools through RESTful web services and an XML based messaging structure, but it is only designed for data collection and interpretation and lacks remote operation capability. This dissertation presents the design, development, optimization, and applications of a service-oriented Internet-scale communication method named Machine Tool Communication (MTComm) for exchanging manufacturing services in a Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Cloud (CPMC) to enable manufacturing with heterogeneous physically connected machine tools from geographically distributed locations over the Internet. MTComm uses an agent-adapter based architecture and a semantic ontology to provide both remote monitoring and operation capabilities through RESTful services and XML messages. MTComm was successfully used to develop and implement multi-purpose applications in in a CPMC including remote and collaborative manufacturing, active testing-based and edge-based fault diagnosis and maintenance of machine tools, cross-domain interoperability between Internet-of-things (IoT) devices and supply chain robots etc. To improve MTComm’s overall performance, efficiency, and acceptability in cyber manufacturing, the concept of MTComm’s edge-based middleware was introduced and three optimization strategies for data catching, transmission, and operation execution were developed and adopted at the edge. Finally, a hardware prototype of the middleware was implemented on a System-On-Chip based FPGA device to reduce computational and transmission latency. At every stage of its development, MTComm’s performance and feasibility were evaluated with experiments in a CPMC testbed with three different types of manufacturing machine tools. Experimental results demonstrated MTComm’s excellent feasibility for scalable cyber-physical manufacturing and superior performance over other existing approaches

How do programs work to improve child nutrition?: Program impact pathways of three nongovernmental organization intervention projects in the Peruvian highlands

This paper examines the program logic of three nongovernmental, community-based programs with different intervention models to reduce childhood stunting. Two programs, Child Nutrition Program (PNI) and Good Start, focused directly on education and behavior change among caregivers, or the short routes to achieve impact, while one program, Sustainable Networks for Food Security (REDESA), focused on upstream factors, such as improving local governance and coordination, improving water and sanitation, and increasing family incomes, or the long routes to achieve impact. We compared the logic of each program as it was explicitly documented to the logic as perceived by the implementers. We elucidated the program impact pathways (PIPs) of key activities by actors at different operational levels in each program to identify congruencies and gaps in the perceptions of causal mechanisms between program activities and their intended outcomes, and analyzed them with the simple program models and logical frameworks to highlight the methodology and utility of PIPs. In a desire to move beyond static input-out models of the three programs, we designed and conducted data collection activities (document review, semi-structured interviews, and observations) with the intention of gaining insights about those aspects of the program that brought causal mechanisms of a given program into clearer focus. We propose that different methods for eliciting PIPs may be necessary at different operational levels. The interview method elicited more complete responses among those who are familiar with programmatic concepts, whereas actors at the local operational level provided sparse and fragmentary responses, even when simple, common language was used during the interviews. Group participatory processes, using visual aids, may be more effective for mapping the perceptions of those who are not accustomed to articulating information about programs. To reduce the length and frequency of interviews with program actors, initial PIPs could also be constructed from program documents, then discussed and revised iteratively with program actors. Although program logic models and the logical frameworks provide a succinct overview of the program (for communication, strategic planning, and management), we found that PIPs provide a better representation of the causal connections between program activities and results, particularly when both upstream and direct intervention activities were part of the same program. PIPs provide a visual tool for tracking how activities were perceived to work and make an impact, bringing into focus the different pathways of the activities and influences along the way. Beyond the logical sequence of program inputs, outputs, and outcomes, the conceptualization of impact pathways is a useful approach for understanding the causal connections required for impact and for identifying where attention and reinforcements may be required within program operation. The utility of this tool warrants its use not only during final evaluation but also during mid-program monitoring and relevant assessments. National- and regional-level program actors had good understanding of the overarching frameworks and principles of their respective programs as well as the program components and activities. They demonstrated a strong coherence to the program documents, provided similar cohesive responses, and were able to articulate the impact pathways. However, program actors at the national level identified fewer facilitators and barriers along the impact pathways than did the local actors, revealing that the practical dimensions of the impact pathways were not as evident to planners and managers farther from the communities. Although program actors at the local level were more apt to provide practical examples of influencing factors or incidents that occur during implementation, they had difficulty fully articulating their perceived PIPs and provided fragmented views of how the activities linked to their outcomes. Similar patterns were found across the three programs. This finding raises the question of desirability of a common understanding of the goals and pathways by which these outcomes are achieved or the acceptability of diversity of perspectives. It is still unclear whether program effectiveness may be improved through greater congruency in the PIPs. Future research should elucidate how congruency of PIPs among program actors across operational levels could be increased, and whether greater congruency would improve program implementation and effectiveness.program impact pathway, program logic model, logical framework, childhood stunting, child nutrition programs,

Machine Tool Communication (MTComm) Method and Its Applications in a Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Cloud

The integration of cyber-physical systems and cloud manufacturing has the potential to revolutionize existing manufacturing systems by enabling better accessibility, agility, and efficiency. To achieve this, it is necessary to establish a communication method of manufacturing services over the Internet to access and manage physical machines from cloud applications. Most of the existing industrial automation protocols utilize Ethernet based Local Area Network (LAN) and are not designed specifically for Internet enabled data transmission. Recently MTConnect has been gaining popularity as a standard for monitoring status of machine tools through RESTful web services and an XML based messaging structure, but it is only designed for data collection and interpretation and lacks remote operation capability. This dissertation presents the design, development, optimization, and applications of a service-oriented Internet-scale communication method named Machine Tool Communication (MTComm) for exchanging manufacturing services in a Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Cloud (CPMC) to enable manufacturing with heterogeneous physically connected machine tools from geographically distributed locations over the Internet. MTComm uses an agent-adapter based architecture and a semantic ontology to provide both remote monitoring and operation capabilities through RESTful services and XML messages. MTComm was successfully used to develop and implement multi-purpose applications in in a CPMC including remote and collaborative manufacturing, active testing-based and edge-based fault diagnosis and maintenance of machine tools, cross-domain interoperability between Internet-of-things (IoT) devices and supply chain robots etc. To improve MTComm’s overall performance, efficiency, and acceptability in cyber manufacturing, the concept of MTComm’s edge-based middleware was introduced and three optimization strategies for data catching, transmission, and operation execution were developed and adopted at the edge. Finally, a hardware prototype of the middleware was implemented on a System-On-Chip based FPGA device to reduce computational and transmission latency. At every stage of its development, MTComm’s performance and feasibility were evaluated with experiments in a CPMC testbed with three different types of manufacturing machine tools. Experimental results demonstrated MTComm’s excellent feasibility for scalable cyber-physical manufacturing and superior performance over other existing approaches

Location Based Spatial Query Processing In Wireless System

Location-based spatial queries (LBSQs) refer to spatial queries whose answers rely on the location of the inquirer.Efficient processing of LBSQs is of critical importance with the ever-increasing deployment and use of mobiletechnologies. Input of the system will be the radius of the region the center of which is the user current locationand the type of entity such as bank, malls etc. Output will consist of the user requested entities ranked in theincreasing distance. Our database will consist of all the entities with their type and geographic location. Ouralgorithm will find out all the locations within the specified region intended by the user. All these points will beused for firing the query along with the entity type to obtain a result set. Real time response due to the mobilenature of the user and the accuracy are considerable issues to be taken care of. Furthermore the air as mediapresents the issues for the abnormal connection loss and errorsKeywords: Spatial query, GPS

Excessive Hospitalizations and Its Associated Economic Burden among People with Diabetes in the United States

AbstractObjectivesWe conducted this study to estimate the excessive hospital admission among people with diabetes and the associated economic burden in the USA.MethodsThe study was based on the 2005 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), a nationally representative probability sample conducted annually by the Agency of Health Research and Quality. Nearly 8 million records were sampled from over 1000 community hospitals in the 2005 NIS.ResultsExcluding childbirth-related admissions, the estimated US hospitalizations numbered approximately 30.8 million; individuals with diabetes accounted for over 6.4 million (20.9%) of these admissions. For every 1000 individuals without diabetes, with type 1 diabetes, and with type 2 diabetes, the numbers of hospitalizations were 89, 418, and 303, respectively. The rates of hospitalization increased greatly by the presence of diabetes for all age groups and sex. During 2005, the national bill of hospital charges and costs for individuals with diabetes exceeded US$171 billion and US$90 billion, respectively. If the prevalence of diabetes increases to 7.5% from 7.0%, the total number of hospitalizations made by individuals with diabetes will be 7.5 million in 2015.ConclusionsAlthough approximately 7% of the population had diabetes in the USA, nearly 20.9% of hospitalizations were made by individuals with this condition. Due to the excessive hospitalizations incurred by patients with diabetes, a small increase in the number of people with diabetes will amplify the number of hospitalizations. Health-care communities should anticipate this possible increased demand of hospitalizations and the associated economic burden

EFFECT OF TOLL-LIKE RECEPTOR INHIBITOR IMIQUIMOD ON IL1R1 INTERACTION WITH IL-1RA AND ITS SNP VARIANT-AN IN SILICO APPROACH

Objective: Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1Ra) acts as an antagonist to Interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) signalling in maintaining homeostasis. A loss of function due to Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) occurrence in IL1Ra can lead to dysregulated state as seen in autoimmune disease pathogenesis. The current study aims at achieving conformational stability in the IL1R1-IL1Ra_SNP complex by introducing a ligand into the region apart from the active site of Interleukin 1 receptor type1 (IL1R1).Methods: Protein-protein docking was performed using ClusPro, for IL1R1 with IL1β, IL1Ra and IL1Ra_SNP variant to study the difference in the interaction between the complexes. A known inhibitor, Imiquimod was docked using Glide, to the Il1R1-IL1Ra_SNP complex using flexible docking and the change in surface energy was calculated.Results: Binding Interactions show that IL1Ra binds more avidly to IL1R1 than IL1β. Conformational instability was seen in the IL1R1-IL1Ra_SNP complex. The difference in the amino acid interactions between the IL1R1 with IL1Ra and IL1Ra_SNP variant further illustrated the change in binding residues and hydrogen bond formation. Upon docking of an appropriate ligand to the IL1R1-IL1Ra_SNP complex, the conformational stability of the IL1R1-IL1Ra_SNP complex enhanced considerably suggesting a possible mechanism for treating SNP-induced conformational instability.Conclusion: Toll-like receptors like IL1R1 have many binding pockets apart from its active site. No strategies have yet been reported in targeting them for correcting conformational instability induced by SNP. Through our study, it was observed that the conformational instability of IL1R1-IL1Ra_SNP complex decreased upon introducing an appropriate small molecule.Keywords: IL1β, IL1R1, IL1Ra, SN

A case control study on behavioural risk factors of anaemia among pregnant women delivered at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana

Background: Anaemia in pregnancy (AIP) is one of the most common preventable causes of maternal morbidity and poor prenatal outcome. World Health Organization (WHO) has accepted up to 11 gm/dl as the normal hemoglobin (Hb) level in pregnancy. In Haryana state, the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women is 50.2% in urban areas and 58.1% in rural areas. Pregnant women are predominantly susceptible to nutritional deficiencies because of the increased metabolic demands imposed by pregnancy and its related factors. The aim and objective of the study was to determine the behavioural factors associated with anaemia among pregnant women delivering at a tertiary care hospital in Haryana.Methods: This hospital-based case control study was carried out in BPS Government Medical College for Women, Khanpur Kalan, Sonipat (Haryana). Study was conducted for one year. One hundred sixty-eight pregnant women were enrolled for study. Inclusion criteria for cases and controls was age of 18 years and above and residents of Sonepat district. Analysis was performed by using R statistical software.Results: The majority 57 (67.9%) of cases and 49 (58.3%) of controls were in age group of 18-24 years. Among different behavioral risk factors studied, not using bed nets, not wearing shoes consistently, eating pica and no use of the other drugs during pregnancy were significantly associated with anemia during pregnancy. However, on Multivariable Logistic regression analysis, the major behavioral risk factors for anemia were not using bed net during pregnancy (AOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 0.68-5.01), and not wearing shoes consistently during pregnancy (AOR: 2.77, 95% CI: 0.83-10.01). The odds of getting anaemia in pregnant mothers who reported pica during their pregnancy was AOR = 2.85 (CI: 0.90 – 10.01) than odds of mothers who did not report pica during their pregnancy.Conclusions: Consistent use of bed net, wearing shoes and not consuming pica prevent anaemia during pregnancy.

Gambaran Makroskopik Dan Mikroskopik Otak Besar Pada Hewan Coba Postmortem

: Most brain cells belong to pyramidal cells which are very sensitive toward conditions that cause cell death. This study was aimed to obtain macroscopic and microscopic postmortem changes of the brain according to time variations up to 48 hours. This study was conducted at Histology Laboratorium, Medical Faculty of Sam Ratulangi University, Manado. Two domestic pigs weighing 20 kg were used as models. Macroscopic and microscopic observations were done at certain interval times. The results showed that at 16 hours postmortem, the brain looked pale, its consistency became softer and watery, and the inner part would crumble under touch. At 44 hours postmortem most of the brain became watery which was complete at 48 hours postmortem. Microscopic observations were done on brain samples at time intervals, as follows: 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 9 hours, 10 hours, 12 hours, 14 hours, 16 hours, 18 hours, 20 hours, 22 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The earliest microscopic change was observed at 3 hours postmortem as the enlargement of clear zones around the pyramidal cells. At 7 hours postmortem, the pyramidal cells became flattened, darker, and shorter. At 18 hours postmortem, the pyramidal cells underwent fragmentation, and at 24 hours postmortem they became lysis leaving empty spaces. Conclusion: All parts of the brain became watery at 48 hours postmortem. The microscopic changes were the enlargemnet of clear zones around the pyramidal cells, the cells became darker, flattened, and shorter, underwent fragmentation and lysis leaving empty spaces

Gambaran Histologik Otot Jantung Pada Hewan Coba Postmortem

: Commonly, unnatural death is complicated and causes difficulties for to the investigating officers to reveal the modus operandi and the time of death. Estimation of postmortem interval is very important in the investigation, albeit, it is frequently put the investigators to a debate. This study aimed to obtain the histological changes of heart muscle at several time intervals postmortem. This was a descriptive observational study. A domestic pig weighed ±20kg was used as model. The pig was killled by conducting a blunt trauma at its occipital area. Heart muscle samples were taken at several time intervals as follows: 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, 60 minutes, 75 minutes, 90 minutes, 105 minutes, 2 hours, 3 hours, 4 hours, 5 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours postmortem. The histological changes were observed with an Olympus CX21 microscope and Optilab. The percentages of those changes were evaluated at 5 high-power fields (400x) for each sample. The results showed that less than 30% of myocytes had flattened and denser nuclei at 105 minutes postmortem and were associated with hydrophic degeneration at 2 hours postmortem. Those changes became widely spreaded and at 24 hours postmortem they could be identified in 60-80% of myocytes. Albeit, the striated pattern could still be identified until 24 hours postmortem. Conclusion: The histological changes of heart muscle postmortem namely morpholocical changes of the nuclei and hydrophic degeneration could be identified at 2 hours postmortem. At 24 hours postmortem those changes were distributed widely among the myocytes, however, the striated pattern could still be identified. Moreover, there were still focal areas with normal appearance