A REVIEW ON COVID-19 PANDEMIC A GLOBAL THREAT-CURRENT STATUS AND CHALLENGES AND PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES

Covid19 (Coronavirus) is a life-threatening virus that mainly affects our respiratory system, kidney, and GIT tract. People with a low immune system in their body fall prey to it. This virus (2019-nCoV) spreads easily from one person to another. As there is no treatment to kill the virus, the only way to stop this pandemic is through precautions and reduce the viral load in the body. This review reveals the main types of coronaviruses, history, pathophysiology, current treatment, drawbacks of current treatment, targets for drug development against Covid-19, vaccines discovered for covid-19, side effects of the currently available vaccines, and current status of this situation. The main mechanism of action of the virus easily enters to bind with the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the human body cells. Management of the virus several approaches will be taken mainly isolation of the patients and contacts the contacts, oxygen therapy for respiratory failure patients based on the severity Remdesivir, Lopinavir/ritonavir, Chloroquine, and Hydroxychloroquine, Alpha-interferon and plasma therapy can be used to control the infections. In India, AYUSH is also recommended to enhance the immune system through herbal-based products, Vaccination is also recommended by most of the countries, but many side effects and drug-drug interactions were reported for the above treatments. So that in future a new way of approach should be developed by our health organization as soon as possible

Group Norms and Consumer Behaviour

The impact of group norms on forming consumer behaviour is an important attribute of man’s social life. The market segmentation principles acknowledge the presence of this phenomenon. People belong to different age group, professional status, income levels, educational status etc. are seemed to display some specific consumer behaviour that can be attributed to a particular group. The present study attempts to find the influence of certain selected group norms on consumption pattern.Group norms, peer influence, consumer behaviour, culture and consumption, social norms

Seismic analysis of multi-storeyed building with floating column using fluid viscous dampers.

Nowadays many multi-storeyed buildings in India have open ground storey for providing better parking facilities, reception lobbies and other amenities. It is required to have column free space due to shortage of space, increase in population and also for functional and aesthetic requirement.For this purpose, building is provided with floating column at one or more storey.Floating column is a vertical member but its lower end is not connected to the foundation. Its lower end rest on beam which is a horizontal member, this beam transfers the load of floating column to other columns below it.The most common use of a floating column is to build a soft storey on the ground floor to provide extra parking or entrance corridor space.But such features are highly unwanted in seismically active region. The present study proposes a practical solution for reducing the risk of earthquake effects associated with floating column building by strengthening them with using fluid viscous dampers. The main aim of the work is to highlights the performance of floating column building and compare floating column building with and without using fluid viscous dampers. Seismic analysis is carried out by using response spectrum analysis as per IS: 1893-2002. The Seismic assessment is executed by using ETABS software

sessment of ground water contamination in Erode District, Tamilnadu

A systematic study has been carried out to assess the water contamination and the effect of the tanneries and dyeing industries effluents on Erode District, Tamil Nadu. Ten (10) sampling locations were selected in and around industries. The water samples were collected from the selected sampling points. The samples were analyzed for major chemical water quality parameters like pH, EC, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, Na, CO3 and HCO3. The present investigation shows a constant variation in different parameters in different locations. So it is highly important to take periodical monitoring of the ground water quality in this region for future sustainability.Key words: Erode district, Tamilnadu, contamination assessment, tanneries and dyeing industries

The self-medication practice in primary dysmenorrhea among pharmacy students-a cross-sectional questionnaire study

Primary dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological problems among adolescent females which interferes with daily activities, affecting their physical and emotional aspects and has a negative impact on the quality of life. The pain is usually in the pelvis or lower abdomen. Self-medication for primary dysmenorrhea is a very common practice. The aim of this study was to observe and evaluate self-medication practice in primary dysmenorrhea among pharmacy students. This is a cross-sectional questionnaire study to be conducted among 50 females of age group between 18-25 of pharmacy college. The self-medication practice and features of dysmenorrhea were to be assessed with a 15 pre-validated questionnaire and the data is analyzed using descriptive statistics. A total of 50 students participated in this study in which 81.8% had regular periods. Dysmenorrhea was experienced in 79.6% with mild (30.4%),moderate(23.9%) and with severe(28.3%) dysmennohea. In this study 64.3% preferred self-medication pattern. The majority were Pharm.D students. The most commonly used drug was Meftal spas (mephenamic acid+dicyclomine) and for 96.8% the treatment was found to be effective. Among the 50 students, 57.6% have experienced ADR , majority with decreased blood flow. The Self-medication practice in dysmenorrhea was more among pharmacy students probably due to the knowledge of drugs, better awareness and greater access to drug information during their curriculum. This highlights the importance of creating awareness among students to consume drugs only in severe discomfort after prescription by the registered medical practitioners

Strong Domination Index in Fuzzy Graphs

Topological indices play a vital role in the area of graph theory and fuzzy graph (FG) theory. It has wide applications in the areas such as chemical graph theory, mathematical chemistry, etc. Topological indices produce a numerical parameter associated with a graph. Numerous topological indices are studied due to its applications in various fields. In this article a novel idea of domination index in a FG is defined using weight of strong edges. The strong domination degree (SDD) of a vertex u is defined using the weight of minimal strong dominating set (MSDS) containing u. Idea of upper strong domination number, strong irredundance number, strong upper irredundance number, strong independent domination number, and strong independence number are explained and illustrated subsequently. Strong domination index (SDI) of a FG is defined using the SDD of each vertex. The concept is applied on various FGs like complete FG, complete bipartite and r-partite FG, fuzzy tree, fuzzy cycle and fuzzy stars. Inequalities involving the SDD and SDI are obtained. The union and join of FG is also considered in the study. Applications for SDD of a vertex is provided in later sections. An algorithm to obtain a MSDS containing a particular vertex is also discussed in the article

Seismic performance of RC frame retrofitted using steel bracing.

High rise buildings which are very common nowadays are subjected to problems due to lateral loads. Due to lateral loads like wind, earthquake etc. the structural stability of the structure is reduced. The lateral loads produce sway moment and induce high stresses in the structure. In order to reduce these effects of lateral loads bracings are efficient and effective. Bracings can be used for seismic retrofitting due to their high stiffness. Retrofitting approaches can be used to improve the seismic performance of the existing structures, before that are subjected to an earthquake. There are two retrofitting approaches, first is to add a new structural element like steel braces or shear wall and second is to provide concrete or steel jacketing. In this work steel bracings are used to retrofit the structure and they are provided in both concentric and eccentric manner. The main aim of the work is to analyze the performance of the building when the bracings are provided in eccentric manner. This study also focuses on performance of building with mega braced frame. Braced frames reduce lateral displacement and the bending moment in columns. Steel bracing is economical, easy to erect, occupies less space and has flexibility to design for meeting the required strength and stiffness. Different types of bracing such as V bracing, X bracing and diagonal bracing are provided. Seismic analysis is done using ETABS software. Keywords— Steel bracing, ETABS, Seismic analysi

Effect of an organophosphorous pesticide (Dimethoate) on oxygen consumption of the fish Tilapia mossambica

Impact of sublethal concentrations of pesticide Dimethoate on oxygen consumption of Tilapia mossambica is reported. The rate of oxygen consumption of the fish was studied under the concentrations of 0.15ppm, 0.2ppm,0.3ppm and 0.6ppm under 1/20,1/15,1/10, and 1/5   of sublethal concentration respectively during the 24,48,72 and 96 hours of exposure.The initial elevation in the oxygen consumption could be explained in terms of acceleration of oxidative metabolism during the initial hours of exposure, as a result of sudden response to the toxic stimulus of pesticide. The present study reveals that the pesticide dimethoate is toxic to the fish, Tilapia mossambica and even low concentration of dimethoate stress create respiratory disturbance which ultimately leads to the deterioration of general health of the fis

Domination Index in Graphs

The concepts of domination and topological index hold great significance within the realm of graph theory. Therefore, it is pertinent to merge these concepts to derive the domination index of a graph. A novel concept of the domination index is introduced, which utilizes the domination degree of a vertex. The domination degree of a vertex a is defined as the minimum cardinality of a minimal dominating set that includes a. The idea of domination degree and domination index is conducted of graphs like complete graphs, complete bipartite, r partite graphs, cycles, wheels, paths, book graphs, windmill graphs, Kragujevac trees. The study is extended to operation in graphs. Inequalities involving domination degree and already established graph parameters are discussed. An application of domination degree is discussed in facility allocation in a city. Algorithm to find a MDS containing a particular vertex is also discussed in the study

Intra-Tribal Differences in Social Progress of the Tribes in Kerala: Realities and the Need for Inclusive Actions

The tribes in Kerala are continuously encountering threats of development due to lack of ownership and control of the means of production, illiteracy, occupational immobility etc. They form the most deprived and vulnerable group, engendering indelible dark spots in the glorified development experience of the state, widely known as ‘the Kerala model’. Situate this community from the outliers level to the central tendency stage is of outmost necessity both in terms of equity and inclusive standpoints. This is because the notion of development has changed dramatically from just material attainment to human development which is about enlarging people’s choices and enables them to live long qualitatively and creatively in every walks of social life in the society. The article is linked to the theoretical framework of social exclusion and poverty as there has a culture of poverty among the tribes that influences all aspects of their life including social, economic, cultural, educational and developmental. The article is based on primary data using stratified random sampling method encompassing 300 samples collected from 5 clusters from Wayanad and 3 clusters from Palakkad. The article tries to explore development of the community based on the methodological framework proposed by Social Progress Imperative groups in a dichotomous framework of tribal and intra-tribal levels using Social Progress Index (SPI) embedding three basic areas of  ‘Basic Human Needs’, ‘wellbeing’ and  ‘Opportunity’. The empirical results obtained from the study shows that there is marked differences in the social progress levels of different tribal sub-groups of Kerala. Keywords: Tribes, Social Progress Index, poverty, social exclusion, SL