Effects of Different Pelleted Diets and Pellet Size on Bird Performance

An experiment investigated performance of birds fed the pelleted corn-soy diet versus the pelleted 30% copra meal based diet with different pellet sizes. This study was conducted for six weeks. A total of 144 male day old chicks were used in this trial. One day old birds were randomly allocated to four treatment diets with six replications. The starter and grower pelleted diets were with or without 30% copra meal and in two forms, either fine or mixed sized particles. The experimental design was a two way factorial with two basal diets, two particle sizes and six replicate cages of six birds per treatment. The inclusion of 30% copra meal in the pelleted diet decreased body weight and feed intake, but improved feed eficiency. Grinding the diet to a fine pellet size impaired the body weight and feed intake. The effect of pellet size became more evident when the birds grew older. Birds fed the pelleted form of copra meal accelerated their growth rate so that they were not significantly different from the weight of birds fed the pelleted form of the corn-soy diet. However the feed intake of birds fed the pelleted copra meal diet was lower than the feed intake of those fed the pelleted corn soy diets. It was concluded that inclusion of copra meal in the diet impaired growth of birds, particularly in the starter phase. Pelleting and crumbling copra meal diet could increase the bird performance to the same level of the performance of birds fed the pelleted corn-soy control diet while fine grinding the pelleted diet reversed this trend. (Animal Production 11(3): 165-169 (2009) Key Words: broilers, pellet diet, pellet size, copra mea

Pengaruh Fermentasi Kombinasi Jamur Pleurotus Ostreatus Dengan Trichoderma Viridae Terhadap Kandungan Nutrien Dan Aktivitas Enzim Selulase Bungkil Kopra

Copra meal is by-product of oil extraction that is produced in large quantity and relatively cheap in Indonesia. However, its high cellulose becomes obstacle for poultry diet. Two studies was conducted to optimize the utilization of copra meal by producing crude enzyme that matched with copra meal using solid state fermentation method with various doses and incubation time that mixed with Pleurotus ostreatus (PO) and Trichoderma viridae (TV). In the first study, copra meal was fermented with 4 levels of inoculum (L0 = no inoculum; L1 = 17.7 CFU/g of TV and 175.00 CFU/g of PO per kg of copra meal; L2 = 35.4 CFU/g of TV and 218.75 CFU/g of PO per kg of copra meal; L3 = 53.1 CFU/g of TV and 262.50 CFU/g of PO per kg of copra meal and 4 incubation time (W1= 4 days; W2 = 6 days; W3 = 8 days; and W4 = 10 days). Parameters measured were crude protein, crude lipid, crude fibre and gross energy. A completely randomized factorial design was used in the study. In the second study, crude enzyme was produced from the best results found in the first study. A method of Jacob and Prema (2006) was used to produce enzyme. Meanwhile, activity of cellulase was measured based on the method of Omojosola (2008). The results showed that factor of inoculum level was found significantly increased protein content and gross energy but decreased crude lipid and crude fibre of the mixed fungi-fermented copra meal. Incubation time did not affect protein content but significanly affected crude lipid, crude fibre and gross energy. Interactions between inoculum level and incubation time was found in crude lipid, crude fibre and gross energy contents of mixed fungi-fermented copra meal. Activity of cellulase was 0.71 g glucose/l

Effects of Different Pelleted Diets and Pellet Size on Bird Performance

An experiment investigated performance of birds fed the pelleted corn-soy diet versus the pelleted 30% copra meal based diet with different pellet sizes. This study was conducted for six weeks. A total of 144 male day old chicks were used in this trial. One day old birds were randomly allocated to four treatment diets with six replications. The starter and grower pelleted diets were with or without 30% copra meal and in two forms, either fine or mixed sized particles. The experimental design was a two way factorial with two basal diets, two particle sizes and six replicate cages of six birds per treatment. The inclusion of 30% copra meal in the pelleted diet decreased body weight and feed intake, but improved feed eficiency. Grinding the diet to a fine pellet size impaired the body weight and feed intake. The effect of pellet size became more evident when the birds grew older. Birds fed the pelleted form of copra meal accelerated their growth rate so that they were not significantly different from the weight of birds fed the pelleted form of the corn-soy diet. However the feed intake of birds fed the pelleted copra meal diet was lower than the feed intake of those fed the pelleted corn soy diets. It was concluded that inclusion of copra meal in the diet impaired growth of birds, particularly in the starter phase. Pelleting and crumbling copra meal diet could increase the bird performance to the same level of the performance of birds fed the pelleted corn-soy control diet while fine grinding the pelleted diet reversed this trend. (Animal Production 11(3): 165-169 (2009

Identification of Reproductive Activity of Donggala Cattle at Post Puberty and Post Partum Periods

The aim of the study is to investigate condition and reproductive activity of Donggala cattles during post-puberty and post-partom periods. The study was carried out for 12 months at Donggala, Palu and Sigi Districts where major populations of Donggala cattles were kept by farmers. A total of 200 heads of Donggala cattles belonged to the local farmers were sampled. The animals were categorized as heifers when they were 10 – 18 months old and cows at 18 – 24 months old. Data colected inthis study were from structured interview and direct observation. Variables measured were body condition score, live body weight, age of puberty, age of first estrus and first mating, days open, service per conception rate, non return rate and conception rate either during post puberty or post partum. Data found in this study were describe descriptively. The results of the study indicated that the age of puberty was late as live body weight body condition score of Donggala were low. First mating of Donngala heifers was much dependant upon live body weight. Heavier cattles tended to mat earlier than the lighter cattles. Heavier catlles had better service per conception rate, non return rate and conception rate either at post puberty or post partum periods. In conclusion, the cows with high body weight had earlier first estrus, first mating and better service per conception rate, non return rate and conception rate than those cows with low live body weight. Keywords: Donggala cattle, reproductive efficiency, post puberty, post partum DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/9-6-05 Publication date:March 31st 201

Scalar exotic mesons bbc‾c‾bb\overline{c}\overline{c}

Properties of doubly charged scalar tetraquarks $bb\overline{c}\overline{c}$ are investigated in the framework of the QCD sum rule method. We model them as diquark-antidiquark states $X_{\mathrm{1}}$ and $X_{\mathrm{2}}$ built of axial-vector and pseudoscalar diquarks, respectively. The masses and current couplings of these particles are computed using the QCD two-point sum rule method. Results $m_{1}=(12715 \pm 80)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $m_{2}=(13370 \pm 95)~\mathrm{MeV}$ obtained for the masses of these particles are used to determine their kinematically allowed decay modes. The full width $\Gamma_{ \mathrm{1}}$ of the state $X_{\mathrm{1}}$ is evaluated by taking into account its strong decays to mesons $2B_{c}^{-}$, and $2B_{c}^{\ast -}$. The processes $X_{\mathrm{2}} \to 2B_{c}^{-}$, $2B_{c}^{\ast -}$ and $B_{c}^{-}B_{c}^{-}(2S)$ are employed to estimate $\Gamma_{\mathrm{2}}$. Predictions obtained for the full widths $\Gamma_{\mathrm{1}}=(63 \pm 12)~ \mathrm{MeV}$ and $\Gamma_{\mathrm{2}}=(79 \pm 14)~\mathrm{MeV}$ of these structures and their masses may be utilized in experimental studies of fully heavy resonances.Comment: 12 Pages and 4 Figure

Delipidation and Deproteination of Coconut Dregs Fermented with Aspergillus niger to Produce Prebiotic compounds

Coconut dregs are the waste product of oil extraction, either to produce conventional cooking oil or virgin coconut oil (VCO). These coconut dregs contain mannan compound in the form of galactomannan. Fermentation of this compound could generate mannan-oligosaccharides, having prebiotic properties, due to the presence of mannanase enzyme during fermentation. A study on fermentation of coconut dregs was carried out with a delipidation process using n-hexane and deproteination using NaOH 1M. The fermentation process was done using Aspergillus niger with different duration of fermentation (48, 72, 96, 120 and 144 hours). The fermentation product was placed in the free-air container to kill the fungi and keep the biodegradation process through enzymatic process for 0, 24, 48 and 72 hours. The products were tested for prebiotic properties through spread plate method using Lactobacillus casei and Escherichia coli. The results of the delipidation process could decreased lipid content to 0.77% and the deproteination process could bring down crude protein of coconut dregs to 1.45%. The highest mannanase activity was found when coconut dregs were fermented for 120 hours with a value of 1.0331U/ml. Hydrolyzate produced during incubation had a prebiotic activity by increasing the population Lactobacillus casei and decreasing population of Escherichia coli. Lactobacillus casei bacteria increased from 2x107 CFU/ml to between 30.6x107 CFU/ml and 35.0x107 CFU/ ml, whereas Escherichia coli bacteria decreased from 2x107 CFU / ml to between 5.3x106 CFU/ml and 8.3x106 CFU/ml. Keywords: Coconut dregs, Aspergillus niger, Prebiotics DOI: 10.7176/JBAH/10-6-03 Publication date:March 31st 2020

Exploring fully heavy scalar tetraquarks QQQ‾Q‾QQ\overline{Q}\overline{Q}

The masses, current couplings and widths of the fully heavy scalar tetraquarks $X_{\mathrm{4Q}}=QQ\overline{Q}\overline{Q}$, $Q=c, b$ are calculated by modeling them as four-quark systems composed of axial-vector diquark and antidiquark. The masses $m^{(\prime)}$ and couplings $f^{(\prime)}$ of these tetraquarks are computed in the context of QCD sum rule method by taking into account a nonperturbative term proportional to a gluon condensate $\langle \alpha _{s}G^{2}/ \pi \rangle$. Results obtained for $m=(6570 \pm 55)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $m^{\prime}=(18540 \pm 50)~\mathrm{MeV }$ are used to fix kinematically allowed decay channels of these states. It turns out that, processes $X_{\mathrm{4c}}\rightarrow J/\psi J/\psi$, $X_{ \mathrm{4c}}\rightarrow \eta _{c}\eta _{c}$, and $X_{\mathrm{4c}}\rightarrow \eta _{c}\chi _{c1}(1P)$ are possible decay modes of $X_{\mathrm{4c}}$. Partial widths of these channels are evaluated by means of couplings $g_{i}, i=1,2,3$ which describe strong interactions of tetraquark $X_{\mathrm{4c}}$ and mesons at relevant vertices. The couplings $g_{i}$ are extracted from QCD three-point sum rules by extrapolating corresponding form factors $g_{i}(Q^2)$ to the mass-shell of the final meson. The mass of the scalar tetraquark $X_{\mathrm{4b}}$ is below the $\eta_b \eta_b$ and $\Upsilon(1S)\Upsilon(1S)$ thresholds, therefore $X_{\mathrm{4b}}$ is strong-interaction stable particle. Comparing $m=(6570 \pm 55)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $\Gamma _{\mathrm{4c}}=(110 \pm 21)~\mathrm{MeV}$ with parameters of structures observed by LHCb, ATLAS and CMS collaborations, we interpret $X_{4c}$ as a resonance $X(6600)$ reported by CMS. Comparisons are made with other theoretical predictions.Comment: 12 Pages, 4 Figures and 2 Table

Decays of fully beauty scalar tetraquarks to BqB‾qB_{q}\overline{B}_{q} and Bq∗B‾q∗B_{q}^{\ast}\overline{B}_{q}^{\ast} mesons

Decays of the fully beauty four-quark structures $X_{\mathrm{4b}}$ and $T_{ \mathrm{4b}}$ to $B$ meson pairs are investigated in the framework of QCD three-point sum rule method. We model the scalar exotic mesons $X_{\mathrm{4b }}$ and $T_{\mathrm{4b}}$ as diquark-antidiquark systems composed of the axial-vector and pseudoscalar diquarks, respectively. The masses $m=(18540 \pm 50)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $\widetilde{m}=(18858 \pm 50)~\mathrm{MeV}$ of these compounds calculated in our previous articles, fix possible decay channels of these particles. In the present work, we consider their decays to $B_{q}\overline{B}_{q}$ and $B_{q}^{\ast }\overline{B}_{q}^{\ast } (q=u,d,s,c)$ mesons. In the case of $X_{\mathrm{4b}}$ the mass of which is below the $2\eta_{b}$ threshold, these channels determine essential part of its full width $\Gamma_{\mathrm{4b}}$. The tetraquark $T_{\mathrm{4b}}$ can decay to the pair $\eta_{b}\eta_{b}$, therefore partial widths of processes with $B (B^{\ast})$ mesons in the final state permit us to refine our estimate for the full width of this particle. The predictions $\Gamma_{ \mathrm{4b}}=(9.6\pm 1.1)~\mathrm{MeV}$ and $\widetilde{\Gamma }_{\mathrm{4b} }^{\mathrm{Full}}=(144 \pm 29)~\mathrm{MeV}$ obtained in this article can be used in future experimental investigations of four $b$-quark mesons.Comment: 9 Pages, 3 Figures and 1 Tabl

Scalar Quarkonia at Finite Temperature

Masses and decay constants of the scalar quarkonia, $\chi_{Q0} (Q=b,c)$ with quantum numbers $I^G(J^{PC})=0^{+}(0^{++})$ are calculated in the framework of the QCD sum rules approach both in vacuum and finite temperature. The masses and decay constants remain unchanged up to $T\simeq100~MeV$ but they start to diminish with increasing the temperature after this point. At near the critic or deconfinement temperature, the decay constants reach approximately to 25% of their values in vacuum, while the masses are decreased about 6% and 23% for bottom and charm cases, respectively. The results at zero temperature are in a good consistency with the existing experimental values and predictions of the other nonperturbative approaches. Our predictions on the decay constants in vacuum as well as the behavior of the masses and decay constants with respect to the temperature can be checked in the future experiments.Comment: 12 Pages, 9 Figures and 2 Table