Active safety systems for powered two-wheelers: A systematic review

Objective: Active safety systems, of which antilock braking is a prominent example, are going to play an important role to improve powered two-wheeler (PTW) safety. This paper presents a systematic review of the scientific literature on active safety for PTWs. The aim was to list all systems under development, identify knowledge gaps and recognize promising research areas that require further efforts. Methods: A broad search using "safety" as the main keyword was performed on Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar, followed by manual screening to identify eligible papers that underwent a full-text review. Finally, the selected papers were grouped by general technology type and analyzed via structured form to identify the following: specific active safety system, study type, outcome type, population/sample where applicable, and overall findings. Results: Of the 8,000 papers identified with the initial search, 85 were selected for full-text review and 62 were finally included in the study, of which 34 were journal papers. The general technology types identified included antilock braking system, autonomous emergency braking, collision avoidance, intersection support, intelligent transportation systems, curve warning, human machine interface systems, stability control, traction control, and vision assistance. Approximately one third of the studies considered the design and early stage testing of safety systems (n. 22); almost one fourth (n.15) included evaluations of system effectiveness. Conclusions: Our systematic review shows that a multiplicity of active safety systems for PTWs were examined in the scientific literature, but the levels of development are diverse. A few systems are currently available in the series production, whereas other systems are still at the level of early-stage prototypes. Safety benefit assessments were conducted for single systems, however, organized comparisons between systems that may inform the prioritization of future research are lacking. Another area of future analysis is on the combined effects of different safety systems, that may be capitalized for better performance and to maximize the safety impact of new technologies

EVALUATION OF HEPATOPROTECTIVE (PREVENTIVE & CURATIVE) ACTIVITY OF LEAVES EXTRACT OF ROSA CENTIFOLIA ON EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL MODELS

OBJECTIVE: The experimental study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective (preventive and curative) activity of Ethanolic extract of leaves of ROSA CENTIFOLIA (RC) in experimental animals (rats). METHODS: In both models (preventive and curative) the Liver was damaged by giving Carbon tetra chloride (CCl4)-1ml/kg-p.o. Increased in the levels of biochemical markers of Hepatic damage like SGPT, SGOT, ALP and BILURUBIN (TB). Treatment with extract of ROSA CENTIFOLIA (300mg, 600mg/kg) in preventive model for 7 days and then from 7 to 14 days in curative model. The extract of RC was effectively reduced the high levels of enzymes in the plasma in preventive than curative models in the dose dependent manner. The enzyme level reduction in serum was considered as Hepatoprotective property of RC. Pathological changes like centribular necrosis and vacuolization were observed in CCl4 treated rats, the same pathological changes were not observed in groups treated with RC and Silymarin (100mg/kg/day). CONCLUSION: The Ethanolic extract of RC has shown good hepatoprotective activity in preventive than curative research models against CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats.Key words: Carbon tetrachloride, Silymarin, ROSA CENTIFOLIA, Hepatoprotectio