Prospect on Desalination and Other Non-Electric Applications of Nuclear Energy in Indonesia

As the standard of living increases globally, the need for fresh water and industrial products are also increasing; they require energy for production and hence, the demand for energy–both electric and non-electric, is also increasing. This trend also happens in Indonesia as an archipelagic country. In an effort to meet the current and future water and energy demands, Indonesia is now planning to utilize nuclear power for not only electricity but also producing fresh water through desalination process named Nuclear Desalination. Feasibility and option studies have been carried out by Indonesian National Nuclear Energy Agency, locally called Badan Tenaga Nuclear Nasional or ‘BATAN' since 1995, and also in collaboration with Korean Atomic Energy & Research Institute (KAERI) since 2002. The study concluded that it would be technically feasible to build desalination plants on selected sites pending further economic assessments. BATAN also has a duty to study the future Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) that can be coupled to various industrial processes. From the literature study it seems that HTGR (High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor) is the promising one because of its huge range steam temperature. Beside that study, BATAN also has (1) developed a small scale Mechanical Vapor Compression system to study and establish vital parameters that will affect system performance, water chemistry, corrosion, scaling, evaporation, condensation, and choice of materials and (2) basic research on hydrogen production through the Iodine Sulfur (IS) process

Mekanisme Reaksi Asam Borat Dengan Produk Radiolisis Akibat Radiasi Sinar- Pada Temperatur 25oc

MEKANISME REAKSI ASAM BORAT DENGAN PRODUK RADIOLISIS AKIBAT RADIASI SINAR- PADA TEMPERATUR 25OC. Telah dilakukan simulasi yang bertujuan untuk memahami mekanisme reaksi antara asam borat (H3BO3) yang ditambahkan kedalam air pendingin primer PWR dengan produk radiolisis akibat radiasi dengan sinar- pada temperatur 25oC. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak ‘Facsimile\u27 yang berbasis kinetika reaksi yang berkelanjutan. Sebagai masukan adalah set reaksi kimia yang terdiri dari 61 jenis reaksi dengan konstanta kecepatan reaksinya, nilai-G spesi radiolisis akibat radiasi sinar-, laju dosis 10 dan 104 Gy/s, konsentrasi awal oksigen yang berhubungan dengan sistem aerasi (0,25M), deaerasi dan konsentrasi asam borat hingga konsentrasi 1M. Luaran di program berupa seri Perubahan konsentrasi vs waktu iradiasi. Data luaran kemudian diolah menggunakan perangkat pembuat grafik ‘Origin\u27. Validasi dilakukan dengan membandingkannya dengan hasil simulasi sebelumnya. Hasil validasi menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan, sehingga diputuskan bahwa set reaksi sekarang adalah valid. Penambahan asam borat menekan konsentrasi oksigen secara signifikan. Hubungan kenaikan logaritmik penambahan konsentrasi H3BO3 vs produk oksigen menunjukkan hubungan linear yang menurun. Dari hasil simulasi dapat dipahami bahwa penambahan H3BO3 tidak hanya mengatur reaktivitas neutron pada temperatur 25oC tetapi juga memberikan imbas positif didalam menekan konsentrasi produk oksigen yang memegang peran penting di dalam proses korosi

Surveillance Management For Secondary Water Cooling Quality Of Rsg Gas

SURVEILLANCE MANAGEMENT FOR SECONDARY WATER COOLING QUALITY OF RSG GAS. Surveillance corrosion of carbon steel experiment and bacteria identification of RSG GAS secondary cooling water were carried out. The main objective is to understand the current water quality of secondary cooling water of RSG-GAS from the aspect of corrosion induced by chemicals and bacteria, and confirming procedure for managing the secondary cooling water quality. Methodologies applied are surveillance corrosion, by making carbon steel and stainless steel coupons rack and immersing into the raw water basin and cooling tower basin. The water quality for both basins were done and visual changes of coupen was observed visually. Corrosion rate of carbon steel toward inhibitor was carried out by applying the electrochemical method. The identification of total bacteria and Sulphate Reducing Bacteria were identified by using test kit. The results show visually that the crevice, galvanic and homogeny corrosion with the current water quality easily be observed for carbon steel. The corrosion product seems to be suppressed by the adding of inhibitor. The corrosion rate of 0.13 ± 0.02 and 0.20 ± 0.01 mpy were obtained for 100ppm inhibitor added solutions and purely raw water, respectively. The total bacteria detected are around 107 cfu/ml at the condition when reactor stops operation and without any inhibitor and oxi bio agent added. The oxi bio agent chemical addition suppresses the numbers becomes 103 cfu/ml. The SRB bacteria are detected as >106 cfu/ml at one position and one time without any oxi bio agent added and none detected with oxi bio agent addition. Keywords : surveillance, corrosion, bacteri

Monte-Carlo Simulation of Γ-ray and Fast Neutron Radiolysis of Liquid Water and 0.4 M H2SO4 Solutions at Temperatures Up to 325oC

Monte-Carlo simulations were used to study the radiolysis of liquid water at 25-325oC when subjected to low linear energy transfer (LET) of 60Co γ-ray radiation and fast neutrons of 2 and 0.8 MeV. The energy deposited in the early stage of 60Co γ-ray irradiation was approximated by considering short segments (~150 μm) of 300 MeV proton tracks, corresponding to an average LET of ~0.3 keV/μm. In case of 2 MeV fast neutrons, the energy deposited was considered by using short segments (~5 μm) of energy at 1.264, 0.465, 0.171, 0.063 and 0.24 MeV. 0.8 MeV fast neutrons were approximated by 0.505, 0.186, 0.069 and 0.025 MeV protons. The effect of 0.4 M H2SO4 solution on radiolysis was also studied by this method for both 60Co γ-rays and 0.8 MeV fast neutrons. The simulated results at the time of 10-7s after irradiation were obtained and compared with the available experimental results published by other researchers to be in excellent agreement with them over the entire temperature ranges and radiation sources studied. Except for g(H2) that increase with temperature rises, the general behaviors of higher radical products and lower molecular products at higher temperatures were obtained. The LET effect is also validated by this study, showing that the increase in LET would yield higher molecular and lower radical products. Studies on 0.4 M H2SO4 solutions also show good agreement between the computed and experimental data for γ-ray irrradiation: the presence of 0.4 M H+, except for g(H2) that gives lower value at 25oC and higher value at 325oC, gives the higher values for radicals and g(H2O2) at 25oC and lower values at 325oC, compared with that for neutral water. The computed data show good agreement with the experimental data for 0.4 M H2SO4 solutions induced by 0.8 MeV fast neutrons, except for g(H2) and g(H●) that gives good agreement up to 50oC, then the opposite tendencies with the further temperature rises. However, the simulated fast neutron radiolysis on acidic demonstrates similar tendencies on temperature dependence with that for simulated 60Co γ-radiolysis, but in different magnitude. For better understanding, more experimental data for fast neutrons are needed, especially under the acidic conditions. Received: 20 November 2009; Revised: 06 April 2011; Accepted: 12 April 201

Temperature Dependence of Primary Species G(values) Formed From Radiolysis of Water by Interaction of Tritium β-Particles

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF PRIMARY SPECIES G(VALUES) FORMED FROM RADIOLYSIS OF WATER BY INTERACTION OF TRITIUM β-PARTICLES. G(values) are important to understand the effect of radiolysis of Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) cooling water. Since direct measurements are difficult, hence modeling and computer simulation were carried out to predict radiation chemistry in and around reactor core. G(values) are required to calculate the radiation chemistry. Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate the G(values) of primary species , H•, H2, •OH dan H2O2 formed from the radiolysis of tritium β low energy electron. These radiolytic products can degrade the reactor components and cause corrosion under the reactor operating conditions. G(values) prediction can indirectly contribute to maintain the material reliability. G(values) were calculated at 10-8, 10-7, 10-6 and 10-5 s after ionization at temperature ranges. The calculation were compared with the G(values) of g-ray 60Co. The work aimed to understand temperature effect on the water radiolysis mechanism by the tritium β electron. The results show that the trend similarity was found on the temperature dependence of G(values) of tritium β electron and g-ray 60Co. For tritium β electron, G(values) for free radical were lower than g-ray 60Co, but higher for molecular products as temperature raise at 10-8 and 10-7. The significant differences for these two type of radiations were on G(H2), G(•OH) and G(H•) at 10-6and 10-5 s above 200 oC

Atmospheric Dispersion Analysis for Expected Radiation Dose Due to Normal Operation of RSG-GAS and RDE Reactors

BATAN is planning to build an experimental power reactor, the RDE, to complement the RSG-GAS reactor that is already operating in the Serpong Nuclear Zone (KNS). The experimental power reactor is an HTGR (high-temperature gas-cooled reactor) with 10 MWt power, while the RSG-GAS is a pool-type water-cooled reactor with 30 MWt power. According to standard regulatory practices, under normal operating conditions of the plant, radiological assessment of atmospheric releases to the environment and assessment of public exposures are considered essential. The purpose of this study is to estimate the dose acceptance in Serpong Nuclear Zone (KNS) after operate the RDE operates in KNS-2. To assess the doses, the PC-CREAM 08 computer code was used. It uses a standard Gaussian plume dispersion model and composes a suite of models and data for estimation of the radiological impact assessments of routine and continual discharges from a nuclear reactor. The input data include sourceterm from the RDE and the RSG-GAS, a stack the height of 60 m annual radionuclides release, meteorological data from the Serpong local meteorological station, and agricultural products data from Serpong site. Results show that the highest individual dose in the area around KNS for adults is 6.16×10-3 mSv/y in the S (South) direction and 300 m distance from the stack of RSG. The highest collective dose around KNS within 3 km radius is 6.37×10-3 man-Sv/yr. The results show that the radiological impact of the KNS on the critical groups of public and the individual effective doses satisfy the limits given by the Nuclear Regulatory Agency of Indonesia (BAPETEN). The operation of RDE in KNS-2 does not add significantly to acceptance radiation dose in the environment in KNS. It can also be concluded that the estimated effective doses are lower than the dose constraint of 0.3 mSv/y associated with this plant

Implikasi Pendekatan Green Partnership Dalam Program Konservasi Kawasan Mangrove Di Perairan Utara Terhadap Terciptanya Kegiatan Ekonomi Hijau Pada Masyarakat Kota Bontang

Kawasan hutan Mangrove memiliki manfaat yang besar, baik secara fisik, ekologi, maupun ekonomi, namun secara agregat luas kawasan hutan Mangrove menurun. Beberapa upaya telah dilakukan, seperti Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan, namun hasilnya belum seperti yang diharapkan. Perlu dicari dan dirumuskan pendekatan yang tepat dalam proses konservasi kawasan Mangrove tersebut. Tulisan ini berisi penelitian atas program konservasi kawasan Mangrove di perairan utara kota Bontang yang telah dilakukan oleh Community Development (Comdev)Badak LNG—sebagai salah satu wujud program CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah ingin mengetahui strategi dan pendekatan konservasi yang dilakukan Badak LNG. Melalui metode analisis kuantitatif berdasarkan data-data sekunder yang peneliti dapatkan serta analisis kualitatif berupa observasi dan wawancara langsung terhadap pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam program konservasi kawasan Mangrove, menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa strategi pendekatan yang digunakan tim Comdev Badak LNG adalah Kemitraan Hijau (Green Partership).Konservasi yang dilakukan bersifat partisipatif, dan secara signifikan telah melahirkan kegiatan Ekonomi Hijau (Green Economic), meningkatkan pendapatan masyarakat, serta menumbuhkan kesadaran ekologis untuk senantiasa menjaga ekosistem kawasan hutan Mangrove. Kata-kata Kunci: Mangrove, Konservasi, Corporate Social Responsibility, Green Partnership, Green Economi

The Debris Particles Analysis of Rsg Gas Coolant to Anticipate Sediment Induced Corrosion

THE DEBRIS PARTICLES ANALYSIS OF RSG-GAS COOLANT TO ANTICIPATE SEDIMENT-INDUCED CORROSION. The reliability of the structures, systems and components (SSC) of the G.A. Siwabessy Multipurpose Research Reactor (RSG-GAS) should be maintained to keep the reactor operates safely. Chemical control and management of coolant is one factor which determines the SSC's reliability. The debris sedimentation in the primary coolant system must be examined. Debris occurs in the reactor pool, originating from airborne dust from the engineering hall. Several elements contained by the sediment can induce corrosion. This research was conducted to identify the trace elements which were contained in the sediments and determine their concentrations. The objective was to anticipate the occurrence of galvanic and pitting corrosion due to the presence of elements which are more noble than aluminum. The measurement methodology is Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA). Two groups of samples were analyzed; the first group was sampled from the debris trapped in the mechanical filter after the resin column, or known as the resin trap, and second was sampled from the debris which adhered to the heat exchanger tube. The primary coolant debris analysis showed that the neutron-activated sediment contained Na-24, Na-25, Al-28, Mg-27, Cr-51, Mn-54, Mn-56, Co-58, Co-60, Ni-65, and Fe-59. The Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, and Fe are more noble than aluminum can induce galvanic corrosion while Na, Ba, Al, and Mg are not. The radionuclides contained by the result of neutron activation of sediment from the heat exchanger tube are Mn-56, Na-24, As-76, Br-82, Fe-59, Zn-65, Cr-51, La-140, and Sc-46 which are mostly carbon steel corrosion products. Those elements do not initiate galvanic corrosion. The prevention of galvanic corrosion can be done by periodic maintenance

Will REDD+ safeguards mitigate corruption? Qualitative evidence from Southeast Asia

High levels of faith and finance are being invested in REDD+ as a promising global climate change mitigation policy. Since its inception in 2007, corruption has been viewed as a potential impediment to the achievement of REDD+ goals, partly motivating ‘safeguards’ rolled out as part of national REDD+ readiness activities. We compare corruption mitigation measures adopted as part of REDD+ safeguards, drawing on qualitative case evidence from three Southeast Asian countries that have recently piloted the scheme: Indonesia, the Philippines, and Vietnam. We find that while REDD+ safeguards adopt a conventional principal-agent approach to tackling corruption in the schemes, our case evidence confirms our theoretical expectation that REDD+ corruption risks are perceived to arise not only from principal-agent type problems: they are also linked to embedded pro-corruption social norms. This implies that REDD+ safeguards are likely to be at best partially effective against corruption, and at worst will not mitigate corruption at all