As relações diplomáticas entre a Coreia do Sul e o Japão: o caso das ‘Mulheres de Conforto’ da Coreia

Dissertação de Mestrado em Relações InternacionaisO conceito de Direitos Humanos ganhou força lentamente, e foi apenas com o fim da Segunda Guerra Mundial e a criação da ONU, que conseguiu ser reconhecido pela comunidade internacional. Todavia, o processo da aceitação e aplicação dos Direitos Humanos nos casos reais sempre enfrentou dificuldades, devido, em parte, ao período em foram criados, mas principalmente devido à sua complexidade e à linha ténue que define aquilo que é ou não considerado um Direito a ser defendido, criando assim, diferentes vozes na decisão de quais as violações passadas que podem ser julgadas nos dias de hoje, como o caso das ‘Mulheres de conforto’. O presente trabalho de dissertação tem por objectivo, compreender, analisar e apresentar possíveis soluções para o caso das ‘Mulheres de Conforto’, que ocorreu no período da invasão japonesa à península da Coreia, a fim de perceber o motivo pelo qual as negociações sobre o caso das `Mulheres de Conforto’ são um fracasso diplomático e social para a República da Coreia e para o Japão, analisando de que forma esta questão afectou e pode continuar a afectar a relação diplomática e política de cada país. Em termos da diplomacia, a relação entre a Coreia do Sul e o Japão têm melhorado progressivamente, tendo existido um esforço para recuperar o espírito de vizinhança, colaborando na ideia de desenvolvimento conjunto do continente asiático. Todavia, devido à frequente mudança do governo e das políticas de cada país, têm existido sempre oscilações ou desentendimentos, no que diz respeito aos assuntos históricos. O governo actual do Japão, liderado por Abe Shinzo, não quer entrar mais uma vez em negociações com a Coreia do Sul, relativamente a este tema, enquanto do outro lado, o novo presidente da República da Coreia, Jae In Moon, não aceita o último acordo feito pela presidente destituída, Geun Hye Park, declarando que a decisão não teve em conta as opiniões das vítimas sobreviventes. Neste contexto, com esta dissertação pretende-se responder-se às questões: Em que direito reconhecido internacionalmente é possível basear-se, para reclamar as indemnizações por parte da Coreia? Quais são as responsabilidades que as vítimas sobreviventes pretendem que o governo japonês assuma? Quais são os próximos passos que cada governo pode optar a fim de chegar a um último consenso?The concept of Human Rights has regained strength at a slow pace, and it was only with the end of the Second World War and especially with the establishment of the United Nations, that these Human Right started becoming known and recognised by the world community. Nevertheless, applying Human Rights in real cases has always faced difficulties, not just because of the the specific time period they were created, but also and mainly, due to their complexity and how blurry the line is, which defines what can or cannot be considered as a Human Right. This ended up creating, at the same time, different voices and opinions in deciding which past violations could be judged nowadays, such as the case of the ‘Comfort Women’. The aim of this thesis work is to comprehend, analyse and present possible solutions for the case of the ‘Comfort Women’, which took place during the period of japanese invasion of the korean peninsula, in order to understand the reason why the negotiations concerning the ‘Comfort Women’ problem were a diplomatic and social failure for the Republic of Korea and Japan, by analysing how this issue affected and may continue to affect the diplomatic and political relationship of each country in the future. In terms of diplomacy, the relations between South Korea and the Japan has been gradually improving, with more and more efforts to recover a spirit of neighbourliness and by cooperating in the idea of a joint development of the Asian Continent. However, due to the frequent change of government and political agenda of each country, there have constantly been oscillations and misunderstandings, as far as historical events are concerned. The current japanese government, lead by Abe Shinzo, has manifested that there will be no more negotiations with South Korea concerning this particular matter, while on the other side, the new president of the Republic of Korea, Jae In Moon, refuses to accept the last agreement signed by the ousted president Guen Hye Park, declaring that the decision did not take into account the opinions of the surviving victims. In such a context, the intention of this thesis is to answer the following questions: In which internationally recognised right can Korea’s claim to these compensations be possibly based? What are the responsibilities that the surviving victims intend for japanese government to assume? Which are the next steps that each government could take in order to reach a final agreement?N/

The projective cover of tableau-cyclic indecomposable Hn(0)H_n(0)-modules

Let $\alpha$ be a composition of $n$ and $\sigma$ a permutation in $\mathfrak{S}_{\ell(\alpha)}$. This paper concerns the projective covers of $H_n(0)$-modules $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$, $X_\alpha$ and $\mathbf{S}^\sigma_{\alpha}$, which categorify the dual immaculate quasisymmetric function, the extended Schur function, and the quasisymmetric Schur function when $\sigma$ is the identity, respectively. First, we show that the projective cover of $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$ is the projective indecomposable module $\mathbf{P}_\alpha$ due to Norton, and $X_\alpha$ and the $\phi$-twist of the canonical submodule $\mathbf{S}^{\sigma}_{\beta,C}$ of $\mathbf{S}^\sigma_{\beta}$ for $(\beta,\sigma)$'s satisfying suitable conditions appear as $H_n(0)$-homomorphic images of $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$. Second, we introduce a combinatorial model for the $\phi$-twist of $\mathbf{S}^\sigma_{\alpha}$ and derive a series of surjections starting from $\mathbf{P}_\alpha$ to the $\phi$-twist of $\mathbf{S}^{\mathrm{id}}_{\alpha,C}$. Finally, we construct the projective cover of every indecomposable direct summand $\mathbf{S}^\sigma_{\alpha, E}$ of $\mathbf{S}^\sigma_{\alpha}$. As a byproduct, we give a characterization of triples $(\sigma, \alpha, E)$ such that the projective cover of $\mathbf{S}^\sigma_{\alpha, E}$ is indecomposable.Comment: 41 page

Homological properties of 0-Hecke modules for dual immaculate quasisymmetric functions

Let $n$ be a nonnegative integer. For each composition $\alpha$ of $n$, Berg $\textit{et al.}$ introduced a cyclic indecomposable $H_n(0)$-module $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$ with a dual immaculate quasisymmetric function as the image of the quasisymmetric characteristic. In this paper, we study $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$'s from the homological viewpoint. To be precise, we construct a minimal projective presentation of $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$ and a minimal injective presentation of $\mathcal{V}_\alpha$ as well. Using them, we compute ${\rm Ext}^1_{H_n(0)}(\mathcal{V}_\alpha, {\bf F}_\beta)$ and ${\rm Ext}^1_{H_n(0)}( {\bf F}_\beta, \mathcal{V}_\alpha)$, where ${\bf F}_\beta$ is the simple $H_n(0)$-module attached to a composition $\beta$ of $n$. We also compute ${\rm Ext}_{H_n(0)}^i(\mathcal{V}_\alpha,\mathcal{V}_{\beta})$ when $i=0,1$ and $\beta \le_l \alpha$, where $\le_l$ represents the lexicographic order on compositions.Comment: 44 pages, to be published in Forum of Math: Sigm

Vav1 inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption

Vav1 is a Rho/Rac guanine nucleotide exchange factor primarily expressed in hematopoietic cells. In this study, we investigated the potential role of Vav1 in osteoclast (OC) differentiation by comparing the ability of bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMCs) obtained from Vav1-deficient (Vav1−/−) and wild-type (WT) mice to differentiate into mature OCs upon stimulation with macrophage colony stimulating factor and receptor activator of nuclear kappa B ligand in vitro. Our results suggested that Vav1 deficiency promoted the differentiation of BMMCs into OCs, as indicated by the increased expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, cathepsin K, and calcitonin receptor. Therefore, Vav1 may play a negative role in OC differentiation. This hypothesis was supported by the observation of more OCs in the femurs of Vav1−/− mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, the bone status of Vav1−/− mice was analyzed in situ and the femurs of Vav1−/− mice appeared abnormal, with poor bone density and fewer number of trabeculae. In addition, Vav1-deficient OCs showed stronger adhesion to vitronectin, an αvβ3 integrin ligand important in bone resorption. Thus, Vav1 may inhibit OC differentiation and protect against bone resorption

In-situ fabrication of cobalt-doped SrFe2As2 thin films by using pulsed laser deposition with excimer laser

The remarkably high superconducting transition temperature and upper critical field of iron(Fe)-based layered superconductors, despite ferromagnetic material base, open the prospect for superconducting electronics. However, success in superconducting electronics has been limited because of difficulties in fabricating high-quality thin films. We report the growth of high-quality c-axis-oriented cobalt(Co)-doped SrFe2As2 thin films with bulk superconductivity by using an in-situ pulsed laser deposition technique with a 248-nm-wavelength KrF excimer laser and an arsenic(As)-rich phase target. The temperature and field dependences of the magnetization showing strong diamagnetism and transport critical current density with superior Jc-H performance are reported. These results provide necessary information for practical applications of Fe-based superconductors.Comment: 8 pages, 3figures. to be published at Appl. Phys. Let

Influencing factors of early childhood teachers’ disaster preparedness

BackgroundThe risk of disasters and infectious diseases continues to persist in modern times. Children are a vulnerable group in disaster prevention and management due to their limited ability to cope on their own. Hence, the role and disaster preparedness capacity of early childhood teachers (ECTs) is vital for children’s protection.ObjectivesThis study aims to explore how ECTs can improve their personal resilience to adapt to and overcome disasters as part of early childhood education and care (ECEC). To this end, this study examined the effects of ECTs’ self-efficacy, resilience, disaster awareness, COVID-19 stress, and work-related stress on their disaster preparedness.ResultsAccording to the outcomes of disaster preparedness of ECTs based on their general and job characteristics, full-time employees and principals scored significantly higher in work-related disaster preparedness (WrDP) compared to part-time workers and general and assistant teachers, respectively. Resilience and WrDP were identified as influencing factors of general disaster preparedness (GdP), with an explanatory power of 26.4%. GdP and self-efficacy were identified as influencing factors of WrDP, with an explanatory power of 25.7%.DiscussionAccording to the findings, ECTs’ self-efficacy and GdP must be improved, followed by developing strategies to strengthen their resilience and WrDP. Doing so would ensure the safety and disaster preparedness of ECTs and infants who have low self-care capacity

Transcription Factor Sp1 Is Involved in Expressional Regulation of Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor in Cancer Cells

Coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (CAR) was first known as a virus receptor. Recently, it is also known to have tumor suppressive activity such as inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. It is important to understand how CAR expression can be regulated in cancers. Based on an existence of putative Sp1 binding site within CAR promoter, we investigated whether indeed Sp1 is involved in the regulation of CAR expression. We observed that deletion or mutation of Sp1 binding motif (−503/−498) prominently impaired the Sp1 binding affinity and activity of CAR promoter. Histone deacetylase inhibitor (TSA) treatment enhanced recruitment of Sp1 to the CAR promoter in ChIP assay. Meanwhile, Sp1 binding inhibitor suppressed the recruitment. Exogenous expression of wild-type Sp1 increased CAR expression in CAR-negative cells; meanwhile, dominant negative Sp1 decreased the CAR expression in CAR-positive cells. These results indicate that Sp1 is involved in regulation of CAR expression