The Evolving Composition of Poverty in Middle-income Countries: the Case of Indonesia, 1991–2007

This paper discusses the evolution of education and health poverty in middle-income countries using the case of Indonesia. the paper reviews the long-run empirical research on poverty in Indonesia published over the last decade since the asian financial crisis. the paper then provides new, long-run estimates of the evolution of primary education and infant mortality using the demographic and health survey (dhs) for Indonesia for 1991, 1994, 1997, 2002/3 and 2007, in order to elicit the evolution of the composition of education and health poverty. the intended value-added of the paper is two-fold. first, the paper has a longitudinal element: such a comparative study using repeated dhs cross-sections has not previously been undertaken in published independent scholarly studies for Indonesia with a view to analyzing the evolving level and composition of education and health poverty and disparities over the period across these five datasets. second, the paper contributes to ongoing discussions on nonincome poverty trends in middle-income countries and Indonesia in particular and debates on nonincome poverty disparities by spatial and social characteristics of the household head. the study of education and health poverty in Indonesia, as a middle-income country, can provide insights into the evolution of poverty by education and health during economic development in newly middle-income countries. the Indonesian case suggests that poverty–by the measures used in this paper–may urbanize but remains largely rural in nature, and may increasingly be concentrated in the poorest wealth quintile over time. however, at the same time poverty remains concentrated among those in households with heads that have no or incomplete primary education and in households with heads not working or self-employed in agriculture. key words: Indonesia; poverty; education; health; inequality; economic development

From Low Income, High Poverty to High-income, No Poverty? an Optimistic View of the Long-run Evolution of Poverty in Indonesia by International Poverty Lines, 1984–2030

Indonesia has achieved well-documented and drastic improvements in average incomes and in the reduction of poverty. much research has discussed this progress. this paper adds to the literature with a new perspective. we discuss poverty in Indonesia using the international poverty lines ($1.25,$2 and we add $10 per day). we generate historic estimates of poverty and to make projections based on various growth and inequality trends. we find that Indonesia has the potential to attain high-income country status in a decade or so and at the same time the potential to end$1.25 per day and $2 per day poverty, but this would require favorable changes in distribution. looking ahead, the end of poverty in Indonesia may be accompanied by a large proportion of the population vulnerable to poverty for some considerable time to come, suggesting public policy priorities may need to balance insurance and risk management mechanisms with more “traditional” poverty policy. we also find, in contrast to national poverty line analysis, that poverty by the various international poverty lines, is considerably more urbanized, with more than half the poor residing in urban areas currently and the urban proportion of total poverty likely to rise further in the years ahead. keywords: Indonesia, poverty, inequalit

A Detailed Observational Analysis of V1324 Sco, the Most Gamma-Ray Luminous Classical Nova to Date

It has recently been discovered that some, if not all, classical novae emit GeV gamma rays during outburst, but the mechanisms involved in the production of the gamma rays are still not well understood. We present here a comprehensive multi-wavelength dataset---from radio to X-rays---for the most gamma-ray luminous classical nova to-date, V1324 Sco. Using this dataset, we show that V1324 Sco is a canonical dusty Fe-II type nova, with a maximum ejecta velocity of 2600 km s$^{-1}$ and an ejecta mass of few $\times 10^{-5}$ M$_{\odot}$. There is also evidence for complex shock interactions, including a double-peaked radio light curve which shows high brightness temperatures at early times. To explore why V1324~Sco was so gamma-ray luminous, we present a model of the nova ejecta featuring strong internal shocks, and find that higher gamma-ray luminosities result from higher ejecta velocities and/or mass-loss rates. Comparison of V1324~Sco with other gamma-ray detected novae does not show clear signatures of either, and we conclude that a larger sample of similarly well-observed novae is needed to understand the origin and variation of gamma rays in novae.Comment: 26 pages, 13 figure

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