Prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus and its relationship with various risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in West Bengal with special reference to tribal population, India

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is the most common medical complication and metabolic disorder of pregnancy. The aim and objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of GDM and its relationship with various risk factors with special reference to tribal population.Methods: The study was done in 200 patients between 24 and 28 weeks of gestation, attending antenatal outdoor in a tertiary care hospital of West Bengal.  These patients were given 75gm oral glucose irrespective of the last meal and their plasma glucose was estimated at 2hours. Patients with plasma glucose values ≥140 mg/dl were labelled as GDM. Patients who were diabetic before pregnancy or whose pre pregnancy body mass index was not known or was in labour or had chronic disease, were not included in the study.Results: Prevalence of GDM was 11% in whole population while it was 14.63% and 10.06% in tribal and non-tribal population respectively.  Prevalence of GDM and its correlation with most of risk factors in previous pregnancies was found to be significant in both non-tribal and tribal population. Family history of diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent risk factor in both non-tribal (9.4%) and tribal population (14.63%). There was no single most common risk factor among GDM patients found as there were multiple risk factors present with same frequency in both tribal and non-tribal population.Conclusions: The prevalence of GDM is 14.63% in the tribal population and 10.06% in non-tribal population which is not statically significant (P<0.407). The relation between the prevalence of GDM and risk factors was found to be significant for most of the risk factors

NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF TEENAGERS IN URBAN AREA IN INDIA

School age is described as the active rising stage of childhood (1). Undernutrition in children is one of India's most serious issues. The country is still dealing with this problem. Malnourishment, which is caused by poor feeding, damages the immune system and causes severe development and developmental delay. Development appraisal is the main measure for defining child's nutritional and health status, as well as offering an indirect indicator of well-being for the adult population.Methodology:From jan.2019 to july 2019, we conducted a cross-sectional study in urban slums of Hisar, Haryana, India, to investigate nutritional status in school-age slum children and examine factors associated with malnutrition using a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire, anthropometric assessments, and clinical analysis.Result:In all age ranges, the mean height and weight of boys and girls in the sample population were smaller than the CDC 2000 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) standards. In terms of nutritional status, the prevalence of stunting and underweight was greatest in the age group 11 to 13 years, whilst the prevalence of wasting was highest in the age group 5 to 7 years. But for refractive errors, all diseases are more frequent in children, but only anaemia and rickets have a statistically meaningful gender gap. Children born in collective households, infants whose mom's schooling was [below than or equivalent to] 6th grade, and infants of working mothers were at a significantly higher risk of malnutrition.Conclusion:The majority of the school-age poor children in our sample were malnourished. Strategies including skills-based food and nutrition knowledge, nutritional fortification, proactive infection prevention, public healthcare staff preparation, and delivery of comprehensive services are encouraged

Characterisation, development and validation of UV Spectrophotometric technique for determining Diosmetin in bulk and nanoformulations

Background: From ancient times, India and many other countries have utilised natural products to manage various illnesses. Because they are abundantly available and have fewer adverse effects than synthetic medications, flavonoids are secondary metabolites with diverse biological activities. But till now, no formulations are developed by utilizing Diosmetin and no technique was formulated by utilizing self-biosynthesized Diosmetin (pure). It is a flavone (subclass of flavonoids) isolated from multiple medicinal plants but, in large amounts, is found in citrus plants. They have a variety of biological and pharmacological properties. They also improve lymphatic drainage by raising the duration and severity of lymphatic compression and the exact number of fully operational lymphatic capillaries. Methodology: We have procured Diosmetin from Otto Kemi Pvt. Ltd. and other chemicals from SIGMA chemicals. Furthermore, the characterisation of selected flavone has been performed through solubility studies and method development for development and validation by the UV method for nano-formulation. Result: Diosmetin is pure and soluble in various solvents and has a melting point between 259.14 and 261.84°Celsius, and is more soluble in Acetone, Chloroform, and DMSO, but we have utilised Diosmetin for Cancer studies, so we have taken it in 5% DMSO for further studies. Diosmetin is stable in DMSO till 20 mg/ml at room temperature

CNS Aspergilloma Mimicking Tumors: Review of CNS Aspergillus Infection Imaging Characteristics in the Immunocompetent Population

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: CNS Aspergillosis is very rare and difficult to diagnose clinically and on imaging. Our objective was to elucidate distinct neuroimaging pattern of CNS aspergillosis in the immunocompetent population that helps to differentiate from other differential diagnosis. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of brain imaging findings was performed in eight proven cases of central nervous system aspergillosis in immunocompetent patients. Immunocompetent status was screened with clinical and radiological information. Cases were evaluated for anatomical distribution, T1 and T2 signal pattern in MRI and attenuation characteristics in CT scan, post-contrast enhancement pattern, internal inhomogeneity, vascular involvement, calvarial involvement and concomitant paranasal, cavernous sinus or orbital extension. All patients were operated and diagnosis was confirmed on histopathology. RESULTS: The age range was 19-50 years with mean age of 33.7 years. Concomitant sinonasal disease was seen in six patients (75%). Three patients had orbital extensions. Most of the lesions (n=7) were profoundly hypointense in T2-weighted imaging. The most common enhancement pattern was bright, solid and homogenous enhancement (n=7). Cavernous extension with ICA encasement was always associated with paranasal sinus disease. Six patients showed demineralization or complete resorption of involved bone. All of the fungal masses appear hyperdense on available CT scan images. CONCLUSION: CNS aspergillus infection in immunocompetent patients has distinct imaging features as compared to CNS aspergillosis in immunocompromised patients. A high index of suspicion in proper clinical settings, even with immunocompetent status and typical imaging features allow us to diagnose CNS aspergillosis in such patients