ニホンゴ キョウイク ニオケル セイサ ノ ガクシュウ オーストラリア ノ ガクシュウシャ ノ イシキ チョウサ ヨリ

日本語の性差の研究の中で、日本語教育と関連し、しかも、データに基づいたものは数少ない。日本語教育の中での性差の理想的な指導方法を探究する研究の一環として、本稿では、先行の指導者の意識調査 (Iida and Thomson 1999) にも言及しながら、オーストラリアの学習者の意識調査アンケート(オーストラリアの 6 大学対象、回答者 704名)の結果を中心に、報告、考察していく。 学習者の調査の結果、回答者全体としては、性差の認識、受け取り方にばらつきはあるが、性差の学習には意欲的であることがわかった。人称代名詞や呼称に表れる性差の認識度は高かったが、接頭辞や、漢字語彙の使用頻度などの項目は、あまり認識されていなかった。回答者の学習レベルが上がり、日本語話者との接触頻度が高くなり、日本滞在期間が長くなると、性差の認識度が上がる。この傾向に反するのが、漢字語彙の項目で、学習レベルなどに関係なく、一般的に認識度が低く、漢字圏出身の学習者が、他のグループに比べて認識度が高いという結果が出た。 日本語に表出する性差の捉え方、そして、性差を認識し、性差表現を使えるようになりたいかという学習意欲についての質問には、両項目で、全体的には回答者が積極的な姿勢を見せている。その中で、 特に、性差を性差別と捉えるのは中国系、韓国系(特に女性)に多く、性差の学習に一番意欲的なのはオーストラリア系であるという結果が出た。母文化内で性差別の対象となりうる回答者が性差別に敏感であり、他グループと比べて、日本滞在期間の長いオーストラリア系が学習に熱心であるという考察ができる。 指導者調査に現れた教師側の性差指導に対する懸念と、学習者調査の結果には開きがあったので、教師の感覚に頼らず、実際のデータに基づく考察の必要性を再認識した。This paper examines learners\u27 perceptions of gendered language in Japanese based on the survey data of 704 students of Japanese in 6 Australian universities, in relation to the findings of earlier survey data of teachers of Japanese in Australian universities (Iida and Thomson 1999). The findings from this survey reveal that: 1) the learners have varied understandings of what gendered language is in Japanese; 2) their recognition improves on the whole when their level of study advances and when they have had longer in-country experiences; 3) they have, in general, positive attitudes toward gendered language in Japanese; 4) the majority want to learn to recognize and use gendered language in Japanese. Further analysis shows that one area of recognition that does not improve with the level of study or in-country experiences is the usage of Kanji vocabulary. In this area, conscientious, rather than natural acquisition appears to be necessary. Analysis then shows that more Chinese and Korean background learners, especially female learners, in comparison to other groups, perceive gendered language in Japanese as discrimination. Those who have been discriminated against could be more sensitive to the issue. The analysis also reveals that Australian background learners expressed the most willingness to learn gendered language in Japanese. This could be explained by the fact that the Australian group had the longest in-country experiences on average among all the respondents. These findings differ somewhat from the findings of the earlier teacher survey. There was variation between and among teachers\u27 and learners\u27 understandings of gendered language in Japanese, and the teachers\u27 concerns for teaching gendered language to Australian students of equal upbringing proved to be unfounded

幼児を持つ母親の就業状況別家族機能とソーシャルサポート

調査報告Report幼児を持つ母親の就業状況による家族機能とソーシャルサポートの特徴を明らかにし、育児支援のありかたについて示唆を得ることを目的に、質問紙調査を実施した。その結果、正職員は,家庭内でのサポートが得られ、情緒機能は恵まれているが夫と話す時間が少ない。自営業は、夫以外の家族のサポートが得られている。間食は不規則であるが、生活リズムのしつけはなされている。パートは、正職員、自営業などの勤労婦人と比較し、夫・家庭内のサポートが得られていない。主婦は、情緒、教育、健康保持機能が高い。家庭内に夫以外で子育てのことで相談できる人は少ない。無職は、健康保持機能が高く、夫と話す時間がある等の特徴が見られた

Overlapping in Japanese conversation : communication styles of Japanese long-term residents of Australia in terms of Japanese socio-cultural/gender norms

This study analyses overlaps in naturally occurring multi-party conversations among Japanese long-term residents of Australia, to investigate how Australian culture influences their Japanese communication style. One of the studys interests is how their gendered communication styles appear in Australian English culture. Japanese gendered communication styles have been discussed in the literature, for example that males interrupt females more than vice versa; active participation by males versus passive participation by females in mixed-gender conversations; self-oriented topic initiation by males versus other-oriented topic initiation by females etc. These styles were assumed to be rarely observed in their L1 communication styles in Australia, where English, in which gendered language is less distinctive than Japanese, is spoken, and gender-free society has been more emphasised and practiced than in Japan. Among conversations recorded by the two informants, three multi-party conversations per informant (i.e. six in total) were selected, in which over 2000 overlaps are observed. The study first established a framework of functional overlap classification in terms of the ownership of the conversational floor. Then, based on this frame, all overlaps were classified into a number of functional categories, and were analysed qualitatively as well as quantitatively. The results showed little differences in the Japanese communication styles of the long-term residents of Australia from the Japanese communication styles which have been discussed in the literature, such as frequent use of aizuchi and other cooperative overlaps at and other than at Transition Relevance Places. As for gendered communication style, at least socio-cultural norms between traditional Japanese husband and wife are observed in the informants communication style. Although a number of variables that surround the informants need to be considered, the results may suggest that Japanese socio-cultural norms are, at this stage, more stable and they maintain the communication style of the Japanese long-term residents of foreign culture in their first language communication more strongly than was expected. However, different trends may be observed in future

Enhancer/Promoter Activities of the Long/Middle Wavelength-Sensitive Opsins of Vertebrates Mediated by Thyroid Hormone Receptor β2 and COUP-TFII

<div><p>Cone photopigments (opsins) are crucial elements of, and the first detection module in, color vision. Individual opsins have different wavelength sensitivity patterns, and the temporal and spatial expression patterns of opsins are unique and stringently regulated. Long and middle wavelength-sensitive (L/M) opsins are of the same phylogenetic type. Although the roles of thyroid hormone/TRß2 and COUP-TFs in the transcriptional regulation of L/M opsins have been explored, the detailed mechanisms, including the target sequence in the enhancer of L/M opsins, have not been revealed. We aimed to reveal molecular mechanisms of L/M opsins in vertebrates. Using several human red opsin enhancer/promoter-luciferase reporter constructs, we found that TRß2 increased luciferase activities through the 5′-UTR and intron 3–4 region, whereas the presence of T3 affected only the intron 3–4 region-dependent luciferase activity. Furthermore, COUP-TFII suppressed intron 3–4 region-dependent luciferase activities. However, luciferase expression driven by the mouse M opsin intron 3–4 region was only slightly increased by TRß2, and rather enhanced by COUP-TFII. To determine whether these differential responses reflect differences between primates and rodents, we examined the enhancer/promoter region of the red opsin of the common marmoset. Interestingly, while TRß2 increased 5′-UTR- or intron 3–4 region-driven luciferase expression, as observed for the human red opsin, expression of the latter luciferase was not suppressed by COUP-TFII. In fact, immunostaining of common marmoset retinal sections revealed expression of COUP-TFII and red opsin in the cone cells.</p></div

Promoter activities of mouse and common marmoset opsin genes, and expression of COUP-TFs in common marmoset retina.

<p>A. Luciferase constructs containing mouse M-opsin promoter (mRU0.3) or M-opsin exon/intron region (mRD11–14) were transfected into HEK293T cells with TRß2 expression plasmid or a control plasmid, and cultured for 12 hours, and T3 (100 nM) was added half of samples and cultured additional 16 hours. Luciferase activities were examined and expressed as relative values. B. Common marmoset long opsin promoter luciferase plasmid (cmLU0.3) or exon/intron construct (cmLD11–14) were transfected into HEK293T cells with TRß 2 expression plasmid and cultured and luciferase activities were analyzed as described for A. p value; **<0.01, n.s., (not significant), or actual value was calculated by Student’s t-test. C–F. Expression of COUP-TFII, L (long)-opsin (C, D), and PNR (E) in common marmoset retina. Common marmoset retina was fixed with PFA and frozen sectioned. Immunostaining was done, and photos of foveal pit region (C), peripheral region (D, E) are shown. The right panels in D and left panels in E are enlarged photos of a part indicated by orange squares of left (D) and right (E) photos. Arrows (yellow) in C and D indicate signals of L-opsin, and asterisks in D and E indicate non specific staining. Arrows (blue) in E indicate PNR signals. In outer nuclear layer, nucleus of cone aligned apical one layer (pink arrows), and basal nucleus are rods (blue double arrows) in D, and E. Scale bar in C, 100 µm. F indicates magnified photo of L-opsin immunostaining. G–I. Expression of COU-TFII and S (short)-opsin in common marmoset retina. Photos of foveal pit region (H), peripheral/dorsal (H), and peripheral/ventral (I) regions are shown. The right panels in H are enlarged photos of the part indicated by a yellow square in H. OS, outer segment; ONL, outer nuclear layer; INL, inner nuclear layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer; IS, inner segment.</p

Effects of TRß2 and T3 on human red opsin promoter activities.

<p>Luciferase plasmid was transfected into HEK293T cells with TRß2 expression vector or a control vector, and cells were harvested after 28 hours of incubation. Luciferase activities were examined and expressed as relative values. A. Luciferase plasmid containing 5′ proximal promoter region was transfected with TRß2 expression plasmid or control vector. B–D. Luciferase plasmids containing 5′ promoter region (B), exon/intron region fused with 1.0 kb proximal promoter region (C), or p55Bluc vector (D) was transfected into HEK293T with TRß2 expression plasmid or a control vector, and cultured for 12 hours, then cultured additional 16 hours in the presence or absence of T3 (100 nM). Luciferase activity was examined and expressed as relative values. Pink colored bars indicate samples transfected with TRß2, and dark grey and dark pink show those with stimulation by T3. p value; **<0.01, *<0.05, or actual value was calculated by Student’s t-test.</p

Effects of forced expression of M6a on retinal differentiation and proliferation

Sublayer distributions of virus-transduced enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-positive cells in retinal explants. Retinal explants were infected with retorovirus particles that encode M6a and EGFP. After 14 days, the explants were harvested and frozen-sections prepared. Immunostaining was performed using an anti-EGFP antibody. The percentages of cells in each sublayer are shown. More than 200 cells were counted for each sample, and the standard deviation (SD) was calculated from three independent experiments. Differentiation of virus-infected cells examined by immunostaining to identify subpopulations within the retina. The percentages of marker-positive cells in the EGFP-positive population are shown. Rhodopsin for rod, HuC/HuD for amacrine, glutamine synthetase for Müller glia, and protein kinase C for bipolar were used as markers. More than 100 cells were examined for each sample, and the average value from three independent experiments is shown with the SD. ,: Proliferation of M6a-expressing retinal cells was examined by measuring incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU; ) or expression of the Ki67 antigen (). BrdU was present for the final 24 h of four days of culture of retinal explants, and frozen sections were immunostained using antibodies against BrdU. The same samples were immunostained with the anti-Ki67antibody. The percentage of positive cells with SD are shown. Listed below each panel is the stage when each retinal explant was prepared and its culture period. The following abbreviations are in effect: outer nuclear layer (ONL); inner nuclear layer (INL); ganglion cell layer (GCL).<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "M6a is expressed in the murine neural retina and regulates neurite extension"</p><p></p><p>Molecular Vision 2008;14():1623-1630.</p><p>Published online 03 Sep 2008</p><p>PMCID:PMC2529470.</p><p></p