Analysis of Glass Ceiling Factors Thwarting Professional Development of Women: A Case Study of Private and Public Institutions of Multan District

The research article presents a quantitative study and analysis of the various glass ceiling factors which hinder the personal and professional development of women in the public and private sector organizations of district Multan. The respondents were selected through a purposive sampling technique and the hypothesis was confirmed by the use of tabulation analysis. The hypotheses of the study were positively tested through the tabulation table. The findings of the study suggest that social mobility, nepotism, sexism, male dominance, gender stereotyping, wage gap, marital status, and age of women are major contributing glass ceiling factors keeping women from realizing their professional potential. These glass ceiling factors prevail in both public and private institutions with multifaceted manifestations. The research findings further suggest that with increasing economic pressures on household income in Pakistan these factors affect the professional performances of women despite higher economic engagement rates of women in economic spheres. Reviewing policing making on national and local levels can aid in breaking these glass ceiling factors

Malignant and non-malignant causes of hypercalcemia: A retrospective study at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Background: Hypercalcemia is a common electrolyte abnormality presenting with a variety of symptoms. The common causes are primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy associated with hypercalcemia. However, iatrogenic hypercalcemia with the overzealous use of vitamin D has now emerged as another important cause of hypercalcemia over the past decade.Objective: This study aims to evaluate the causes of hypercalcemia, management strategies, and outcomes in patients admitted with hypercalcemia in a tertiary care hospital. Method: It is a retrospective study done at Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUH), Karachi after taking approval from the ethical review committee (ERC). Data were gathered about all patients admitted from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2018. A total of 1142 patients were included in the study and their calcium levels were noted. Along with demographic details, data pertaining to their diagnosis and all investigations done to evaluate the causes of hypercalcemia were noted in a pre-defined questionnaire.Results: A total of 814 patients having hypercalcemia were included in the final analysis and their mean age was 60.8 ± 14.1 years. Male and female patients were 45.4% and 54.6%, respectively, and their mean hospital stay was 6.2 ± 5.8 days. The most common cause of hypercalcemia was malignant solid tumors (49.1%), followed by hematological malignancy (16.5%), hyperparathyroidism (10.9%), definite vitamin D toxicity (8%), chronic kidney disease (4.9%), chronic granulomatous diseases (4.7%), and probable vitamin D toxicity (3.5%). The oral cavity carcinoma (17.7%) was the most common solid tumor associated with hypercalcemia. Amongst hematological malignancy, multiple myeloma (14.4%) was the most common one. Out of 814 patients admitted with hypercalcemia, 601 (74%) patients recovered from hypercalcemia, while mortality was observed in 129 (16%) patients. Of those who expired, 110 (85.3%) had malignancy either solid tumor or hematological.Conclusion: Malignancy is the most common cause of hypercalcemia in admitted patients. The knowledge of hypercalcemia\u27s causes is of great importance so that targeted investigations can be done. Not only will it minimize the cost burden and shorten the hospitalization of patients; it will also help the physicians to decide the appropriate management accordingly. Moreover, vitamin D toxicity was also observed in a significant number of patients which highlights the common practice of using higher doses of vitamin D by physicians

Use of Collective Memories in Conflicts: A Peace Journalism Perspective in Representation of Therik e Taliban Talks with Pakistani Government

Collective memories are shared past events that are communicated to people who may not have been present at the time. It is up to the media to decide how and when to transmit shared memories, as they play a crucial part in this process. When a peaceful resolution is taking place, memory as a reminder of the prior dispute or the use of conflicting memory during conflict are both determined to be significant factors. Memory and conflict are said to go hand in hand, so when the media links violence and conflict with previous events of the same kind, it attempts to resurrect the bitter experiences that individuals may or may not have had in the past. Bringing previous experiences to the forefront makes it difficult for people to think favourably or positively about a peaceful resolution of the conflict. This study investigates the use of conflicting collective memories in mainstream media representations of TTP talks with the Pakistani government. As a supplement, PJ was used in conjunction with CDA. The findings show that during the chosen time period, agonizing memories of the past were used as a context for new or recent events.&nbsp

US Print Media Framing of Nuclear Ambiguity: Israel vs. Iran

This research work aims at studying the “Nuclear Ambiguity” by evaluating the coverage of Israeli and Iranian nuclear issue in the US print media. The main objective of the study was to examine the news stories and editorial treatment of the above mentioned issue with reference to the foreign policies of the related countries. Content analysis was employed to study the two newspapers; The New York Times and The Washington Post. The data was collected by usingcensus approach and the whole population was considered as sample from the time period of January, 2014 to December, 2015. The theoretical framework of the study comprised of Agenda setting and Framing theory that explain how media can “play up” or “play down” any issue. To determine the significance of the research hypothesis, statistical test chi square was applied and results approved all the hypotheses. The study concluded that US print media followed their national policies and played up the issue of nuclear ambiguity in case of Iran’s nuclear program, while played down the Israel’s nuclear program because Israel is a vital ally of American

New host record for parasitic copepod, Lamproglena chinensis Yü, 1937 from marine fish Pampus argenteus

A copepod parasite, Lamproglena chinensis Yü, 1937 was recorded first time from its new marine host Pampus argenteus captured from the coastal waters of Pakistan. This is the first report on the occurrence of Lamproglena chinensis in marine fish in the World. Lamproglena chinensis was reported to parasitize only freshwater fishes in many countries of the world. This species was reported previously to parasitize freshwater fish from Pakistan. The present paper provides the description of Lamproglena chinensis collected from the gill filaments of Pampus argenteus

Translation of "Matti ki Mona Liza" Into "Mona Liza Made of Clay"

Translation is a process of conveying a source text into a target text which should reflect the contents of the original text. Translation is a practice in which the translator tries to find out the closest equivalent meaning of a source text into the target text language. Translation aims at telling the same idea or information as in the original. In this article the translators have chosen the text, that is a short story "Matti ki Mona Liza" (in Urdu) called "Mona Liza Made of Mud" (in English). The source text was written by A.Hameed, a renowned and legendry Urdu writer. By translating an Urdu short story into English language the translators wanted to present an incredible and splendid piece of Urdu literature to the readers at world level. Another aim was to contribute to the field of Applied Linguistics. The translators have selected the discipline of Applied Linguistics with particular focus on the theory of equivalence in translation. The methods of literal, semantic and faithful translation have been used in order to establish the closest equivalence between the source text and the target text. English is selected as the language of the target text

Comparative Study of Peace Process between Pakistan and India in The News, Daily Dawn, and The Times of India: A Case study of ‘Aman Ki Asha”

Abstract This study aims to analyze and compare the peace process between Pakistan and India in the News, Daily Dawn and the Times of India considering Aman ki Asha. It also investigates whether the government policies of India and Pakistan have any effect on the print media coverage of the issue and policies of selected newspapers regarding Aman ki Asha. Content analysis has been employed as method of investigation. Framing and agenda setting theory give the theoretical underpinning to the research finding which illustrates It has been concluded that Print media of both countries is playing positive role to build peaceful relations between the two countries whereas the print media of Pakistan gives more coverage to Aman ki Asha in this regard. It is also concluded that the government policies of India and Pakistan have an effect on the print media coverage of the peace process to some extent.Keywords: Print media, Peace process, Pakistan and India Relations, Aman ki Asha

Presentation, management, and outcomes of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas: An experience from a developing country

Objective: The goal of this study was to evaluate the presentation, management, and clinical outcome of nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas (NFPAs) in a tertiary care setup.Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of patient records of 157 patients with the diagnosis of NFPA managed at Aga Khan University Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan from January 1, 2007, to December 31, 2017. We collected data on basic demographic characteristics, signs, and presenting symptoms, management, and outcomes. Data analysis was performed by using Stata, Version 12 (StataCorp LLC, College Station, TX).Results: Most patients in the study were men (59%), and the mean age of the study population was 48 ± 14 years. The main presentations of NFPA were visual disturbance (77%) and headache (55%). In 78% of patients, the tumor was \u3e1 cm on MRI. Most (87%) of patients underwent surgical resection, and of those, 93% received transsphenoidal surgery that was well tolerated. In the study population, 31% of patients had transient, 9% had permanent diabetes insipidus, and 25% developed hyponatremia. Of those in the study, 53% had low cortisol, 57% had hypothyroidism, and 27% needed sex hormone replacement after surgery. Residual tumor was confirmed in 43% of patients by postoperative MRI. Tumor recurrence and regrowth occurred in 17 patients and required repeat resection or radiosurgery.Conclusion: In Pakistan, patients with NFPAs are more likely to present during the later stage, with larger adenoma and compressive symptoms compared to patients in developed countries. For the detection of residual disease and tumor recurrence, close screening and a multidisciplinary approach are needed after surgery

Pre-operative serum TSH levels: A risk factor for advanced metastatic differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Background and objective: As the thyroid cancer incidence is increasing, the search for its risk factor is becoming more important. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels being a growth factor for normal thyroid tissue, is also considered as growth promotor of cancer cells. In our study we aimed for pre-operative serum TSH levels of Differentiated thyroid cancers (DTC) done before their first surgery and determined its association with advanced disease in terms of stage, multifocal disease, lymph node involvement and distant metastasis.Methods: We have conducted a retrospective review of thyroid cancers from 1st January 2008 to 31st December 2017. Out of 281, 142 cases were included according to inclusion criteria. We noted the demographic details of participants, their histopathological diagnosis and serum TSH levels done before first surgery from the medical records. We calculated the stage of tumor through modified American Joint Committee (AJCC) staging system.Results: Out of 147 participants, 89.4% had papillary carcinoma or its variants whereas 10.6% reported follicular carcinoma. The mean pre-op TSH level of the patients included was 2.04 ± 1.79. In addition to the descriptive analysis, the univariate regression analysis revealed that the association of serum TSH levels was found to be statistically insignificant with advanced stage of thyroid cancer, multifocal disease, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis respectively.Conclusion: The serum TSH levels before surgery was not associated with poor prognosis of differentiated thyroid cancer with respect to higher staging, multifocal disease, lymphatic or distant metastasis

PHYSICAL ABUSE IN PAKISTANI TELEVISION DRAMAS: PERCEPTIONS OF WOMEN AND VICTIMS

The study was conducted to find out the perceptions of women regarding physical abuse in Pakistani TV dramas. The purpose was to observe the consumption patterns and level of awareness of female viewers about women rights through physical abuse in TV dramas. It also aimed to study perceptions of women victims about physical abuse in TV dramas. Social learning theory was used as theoretical framework. A sample of 300 women was surveyed from Lahore and questionnaire was developed to collect data after pretesting. Six victims of physical abuse were also interviewed to understand their perceptions and experiences regarding physical abuse in TV dramas. The findings of the study revealed that consumption of TV dramas regarding physical abuse increased level of awareness about women rights among female viewers