Performance analysis of resource scheduling in LTE femtocell with hybrid access mode

Femtocell is a promising technology that intends in solving the indoor coverage problems so as to enhance the cell capacity. The overall network performance, in turn depends on the access methods used by the femtocells. The access method is used to identify about the user’s connectivity with the femtocell network. There are three access mechanisms defined in Third Generation partnership Project (3GPP) specification for Long Term Evolution (LTE) femtocells: open, closed and hybrid access mechanisms. Hybrid access mechanism is mostly preferred by the network for the effective utilization of resources. But, it is important to regulate the proper scheduling scheme for them. In this paper, scheduling in femtocell is investigated, where, among the non subscribers, preference is given to the users who have high throughput priority metric, thereby increasing overall throughput of the network

PREVENTION OF PEPTIC ULCERS BY CURCUMIN IN CHEMICALLY INDUCED OSTEOARTHRITIS

Objective: The present study was carried out to investigate the role of curcumin in osteoarthritis when it is used as an adjuvant to diclofenac sodium.Methods: Osteoarthritis (OA) was induced by administering nalidixic acid 400 mg/kg. Animals (Female rats) were divided into 5 groups each containing 6 animals. Group I was considered as control, group II in which the animals were induced with osteoarthritis with nalidixic acid and were given no treatment. Group III in which osteoarthritis induced animals were treated with diclofenac sodium by the oral route. Group IV osteoarthritis induced animals were treated with the combination of diclofenac sodium and curcumin and group V animals were pre-treated with curcumin and then induced with osteoarthritis. Parameters like ulcer area, ulcer index, free acidity, total acidity, the volume of gastric juice were estimated. Histopathological studies were also carried out.Results: The data of our study shows that nalidixic acid has not shown much effect on the gastric parameters in group II animals. The ulcer index, free acidity, total acidity and gastric juice volume were increased significantly (p<0.001) in group III and decreased in group IV animals (p<0.05) when compared to group I control animals. Group V animals pretreated with curcumin have shown fewer incidences of gastric ulcers and other ulcerative parameters non significantly. Histopathology also suggests a low incidence of ulcers in group IV and group V.Conclusion: It demonstrates that curcumin when used along with the conventional NSAIDs as an adjuvant therapy, has a role in treating osteoarthritis effectively

DESIGN FOR TESTABILITY TECHNIQUES FOR VIDEO CODING SYSTEMS

Motion estimation algorithms are used in various video coding systems. While focusing on the testing of ME in a video coding system, this work presents an error detection and data recovery (EDDR) design, based on the residue-andquotient (RQ) code, to embed into ME for video coding testing applications. An error in processing elements (PEs), i.e. key components of a ME, can be detected and recovered effectively by using the proposed EDDR design. Therefore, paper describes a novel testing scheme of motion estimation. The key part of this scheme is to offer high reliability for motion estimation architecture. The experimental result shows the design achieve 100% fault coverage. And, the main advantages of this scheme are minimal performance degradation, small cost of hardware overhead and the benefit of at speed testing

Context Based Classification of Reviews Using Association Rule Mining, Fuzzy Logics and Ontology

The Internet has facilitated the growth of recommendation system owing to the ease of sharing customer experiences online. It is a challenging task to summarize and streamline the online textual reviews. In this paper, we propose a new framework called Fuzzy based contextual recommendation system. For classification of customer reviews we extract the information from the reviews based on the context given by users. We use text mining techniques to tag the review and extract context. Then we find out the relationship between the contexts from the ontological database. We incorporate fuzzy based semantic analyzer to find the relationship between the review and the context when they are not found therein. The sentence based classification predicts the relevant reviews, whereas the fuzzy based context method predicts the relevant instances among the relevant reviews. Textual analysis is carried out with the combination of association rules and ontology mining. The relationship between review and their context is compared using the semantic analyzer which is based on the fuzzy rules

Tramadol Potentiates Vasopressin Induced Analgesia in Albino Mice

The effect of centrally acting opioid analgesic Tramadol on vasopressin induced analgesia was evaluated in Swiss albino mice. Analgesia was evaluated in the mice using tail clip and writhing test techniques. Animals were divided into control and test groups (n=6).Arginine vasopressin (12 µg/kg i.p) and its synthetic analogue, Terlipressin (300 µg /kg i.v) injected in the mice produced analgesia by increasing the latency period by 131.6% and 53.5% respectively and reduced the acetic acid writhing by 45.85 % and 13.51 % respectively. Pretreatment with Tramadol (10 mg/kg i.p) potentiated the analgesic action of vasopressin and terlipressin  and increased the latency period and reduced the acetic acid induced writhings respectively. This study suggests that Tramadol can be combined with vasopressin for enhanced analgesic effect

Newton’s Law of Gravitational Force (NLGF) based Machine Learning Technique for Uneven Illuminated Face Detection

A photo gallery is crucial for organizing your photos, presenting them in beautiful categories, and doing sophisticated memory searches. The photo gallery is portrayed in a vocabulary of nonlinear similarities to the prototype face image collection. One of the difficult research ideas for machine learning technologies is the maintenance of a photo gallery using facial recognition. Based on changes in the faces' appearance, faces are identified. This research proposes novel machine learning algorithms to recognize faces by characterizing the majority of discriminating local characteristics, which maximizes the dissimilarity between face photos of different persons and reduces the dissimilarity between features between face images of the same person. This method relies on Newton's third law of gravitational force to determine the relationship between pixels to extract the features of noisy accurately and efficiently, unevenly illuminated, and rotationally invariant face images

ORAL DELIVERY OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES – A REVIEW

Silver nanoparticles (NP) offer many applications in the science and technology. Oral delivery of such tiny particles results in enhanced drug absorption, reduction in dose, and minimize adverse effects. This review focuses on the mainly on the effects in the gastrointestinal tract along with its in vitro and in vivo studies carried on the silver NP. In this review, we compiled some of the extensive research in the field of silver NP, highlighting some of the most recent trends in the area. Search was carried in English language using Science direct, PubMed, and Google scholar search engines. The effects of silver NP on gastrointestinal tract such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination were compiled in this review. In addition, selected in vitro and in vivo studies related to the same are discussed. The accumulation of silver NP leading to Arginia condition also emphasized in the study. Silver NP and herbal silver NP in oral delivery can be exploited for the further safer and effective treatment

Investigations on global buckling behaviour of concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubular columns

[EN] Concrete-Filled Double-skinned Steel Tubular columns (CFDST) are proved to possess exceptional structural resistance in case of fire and multi-hazard situations. This superior quality of CFDST makes it preferable in long column applications. However, studies on the long column behaviour of CFDST is very few, and their results are not in line with the behaviour of CFST long columns. Whereas, several researches on stub column CFDST shows that, the axial compression behaviour of CFDST is similar to CFST. In this paper, selected results (4 numbers of circular CFDST specimens) from a large test data is presented. Axial compression behaviour of long column CFDST specimens is studied, with non-dimensional slenderness λ around 1.0, and hollowness ratio as the governing parameter for study. Test results namely, axial load carrying capacity, axial deformation and lateral deflection are presented in this paper. Numerical models are also developed and validated with the experimental results, to carry out more parametric studies. Further, the experimental axial capacity values are compared with modified capacity equations from EC4 and AISC. Results show that extended EC4 and AISC equations gives conservative predictions for CFDST column even in the long column range. Moreover, the initial imperfections in the specimen and their corresponding boundary conditions for load application, are found to be governing parameters in long column buckling study.Sulthana, UM.; Jayachandran, SA. (2018). Investigations on global buckling behaviour of concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubular columns. En Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures. ASCCS 2018. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 419-425. https://doi.org/10.4995/ASCCS2018.2018.7144OCS41942

Role of prophylactic antibiotic to prevent surgical site infections in clean surgeries

INTRODUCTION: Surgical site infections are one of the most common hospital acquired infections, which constitute 38% of surgical infections. It creates great burden to the patients by increasing hospital stay by 7-10 days. Also, it increases hospital expenditures creating an economic burden to the patient and country. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to evaluate the role of prophylactic antibiotics to prevent surgical site infections in clean and elective surgeries. Surgeries included in the study were: 1. Hernia repair: Open hernioplasty, Laparoscopic hernioplasty. 2. Neck: Thyroid surgeries, Lipoma nape of neck. 3. Breast: Modified radical mastectomy, Excision biopsy. 4. Scrotal surgeries: Hydrocele, Epididymal cyst excision. PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTIC VS NO ANTIBIOTICS: To compare the surgical site infection in two groups of patients, 1. one receiving prophylactic antibiotics (Study group) and 2. the other group without any prophylaxis before surgery. (Control group). ANTIBIOTICS: To compare the surgical site infection in two groups of patients, · one receiving prophylactic antibiotics (Study group) and · the other group without any prophylaxis before surgery. (Control group) REVIEW OF LITERATURE Historical background: As surgeons, though we deal with infections since the dawn of time, our understanding to treat wound infection became clear only after the development of theory of antisepsis and the evolution of germ theory. Many observations made by nineteenth century physicians were crucial in our knowledge regarding the pathophysiology, treatment and prevention of surgical site infections. Louis Pasteur formulated germ theory and elucidated that contagious diseases are caused by specific microbes. With the help of these principles, he pioneered techniques of sterilization. Also, he identified certain organisms responsible for human infections like Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and pneumococcus. Joseph lister used a solution of carbolic acid, which were used to treat sewage in his times in Europe, to dress the patients. As this reduced the post operative infection incredibly, it was quickly adopted throughout his country. In 1880, Robert Koch, through his experiments identified pathogenic organisms associated with specific disease like cholera and tuberculosis. Charles Mc Burney pioneered the principle of source control (i.e, surgical intervention to eliminate the source and thereby treat the infection) by performing appendicectomy as treatment of appendicitis, which was previously known to be a fatal disease. This was popularised after been performed on the King Edward VII of England, by Sir Frederick Treves. The discovery of effective antimicrobials helped the modern surgeons to treat wound infections in a much better way, during the twentieth century. During world war I, Sir Alexander Fleming, an army medical officer in British Medical Corps identified the first antibacterial agent Penicillin through his works on the natural action of blood against bacteria and sepsis. During his study on influenza virus, in 1928, he noticed a zone of inhibition around Penicillium notatum colony that grew profusely on a plate of Staphylococcus. He then named the substance derived as ‘penicillin’. This subsequently led to the development of hundreds of potent antimicrobial agents against infectious organisms, which set an example for their use as prophylaxis against postoperative wound infection, and became a very crucial component in the treatment of aggressive and potentially fatal surgical wound infections. Prolific advances in the field of clinical microbiology paved way for the discovery of many new anti microbial agents against those microbes. Also the discovery of autochthonous microflora of skin, respiratory tract, alimentary tract helped modern surgeons to enhance their knowledge about the organisms which will be encountered during surgery. However, whether these organisms were pathogenic or non pathogenic remained unclear. With clinical observations made by veteran surgeons, Frank Meleny and William Altemier, the fact that aerobes and anaerobes synergise to cause serious infections (soft tissue infections and intraabdominal sepsis) came into limelight. So the concept that inhabitant microorganisms were not pathogenic to human body was vanished as these organisms have the potential to cause surgical infections when entered into sterile cavity during the time of surgery. Over the few last decades, new ideas of polymicrobial nature of surgical infections were propagated. Aspirates from the peritoneal fluid of patients with perforated viscus or gangrenous appendicitis also showed the presence of aerobes and anaerobes. Trials were conducted to know the effective source control to treat these infections and antimicrobial agents were administered targetting both pathogens and commensals. William osler, one of the pioneers of American Medicine, from his observations noted that patient died due to inflammatory response in the body to a organism. This allowed our insight into the host inflammatory response to infection. It is because of activation of multiple pathways in response to an infection. So many new therapies were formulated tagetting the modified inflammatory response. Exaggerated inflammatory response seems to be the cause of end organ failure and multi organ dysfunction. Thus, treating surgical infections and thereby preventing multi organ failure is one of the challenges faced by surgeons like us. PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION: Host defences: � Barrier � Microbial flora � Humoral responses � Cellular responses � Cytokine production Defense barriers: � Physical barriers � Chemical barriers � Immunologic barriers Mammalian host possesses intrinsic defense mechanisms that help to prevent invasion of microbes, multiplication of organisms and thereby cause containment of infection. Our host defences are highly regulated system and are very effective in coping the invaders. They include:- 1. Site specific defences (SSD) 2. Systemic defenses Site specific defenses provide protection at tissue level. Systemic defences begin immediately after invasion of pathogen into sterile area of body. Any micro organism will have to face number of barriers in the body. 1. Epithelial barrier 2. Mucosal barrier. Mucosal barriers provided by mucosa of respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital system. Host barrier cells prevent invasion of microbes and proliferation by secreting certain substances. Skin commensals adherent to surface preclude virulent organism invasion, thereby forming colonisation resistance. PHYSICAL BARRIERS: Skin: Skin, the largest organ in the body provides most extensive physical barrier. Resident or commensal microflora on the surface of skin block the attachment of pathogens. Some of the endogenous microflora include staphylococcus, streptococcus, corynebacterium, propionibacterium species. Also, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichiae coli, Enterobacteriacae and Candida albicans are isolated from skin surface below the umbilicus. Skin diseases can be associated with abnormal proliferation of skin commensals. Respiratory tract: Host defences in respiratory tract help to maintain sterile environment in distal bronchi and alveoli under normal circumstances. Larger particles are trapped in the mucosa of respiratory tract which are later cleared through cough. Smaller particles reaching the lower respiratory tract are cleared by pulmonary macrophages through phagocytosis. Any breach in this process leads to bronchitis or pneumonia. Gastrointestinal tract: Numerous microbes are encountered in many portions of gastro intestinal tract. Places where resident microflora are absent include urogenital, biliary and pancreatic ductal system under normal circumstances. However, in case of inflammation, malignancy, stone formation or catheterisation, microorganisms may proliferate. Vast number of micro organisms are found in oropharynx and colorectal region. But, organisms found in entire gastro intestinal tract are not always from oropharynx. It is because of the following reasons: 1. Highly acidic environment in stomach kills the microbes. 2. Low motility in stomach during initial phases of digestion. Thus, microbial population in stomach accounts to approximately 102 to 103 colony forming units (CFU). But this may be increased during disease states or drug intake. In terminal ileum, microbial proliferation occurs, increasing count to approximately 105 to 108 CFUs. Exponential growth occurs in colon due to its relatively static and hypoxic environment, where aerobic species are outnumbered by anaerobic organisms to approximately 10: 1. FIGURE 1 MICROFLORA IN GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT Part of GIT Microbial population(CFU/ ML) Stomach 102 to 103 Small intestine 105 to 108 Distal colorectum 1011 to 1012 Along with facultative and obligate anaerobes like Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Fusobacterium and Eubacterium, some aerobic microbes like Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterobacteriacae and Candida albicans are also present in the colon. These organisms provide colonisation resistance and prevent the entry of other organisms like Vibrio cholera, Shigella, Salmonella. But when pathology like perforation occur, the commensal organism provide nidus of infection for the pathogens to proliferate. Surprisingly very little host organisms contribute to the intra abdominal infection. When pathogens enter specific body compartments or tissue, defense mechanisms act to eliminate or remove the nidus of infection. Apart from providing physical barrier, certain proteins like 1. Lactoferrin and Transferrin sequester microbial growth factor iron. 2. Fibrinogen in inflammatory fluid trap micro organisms and polymerises to fibrin. 3. Diaphragmatic pumping mechanism on the undersurface of diaphragm help in expunging micro organisms from peritoneal fluid. 4. Omentum, ‘the policeman of abdomen’ serves to limit infection. Immunologic barriers:- Defense mechanisms in tissues of the body ;- a) Resident macrophages regulate cellular host defense. b) Secretion of cytokines is upregulated by substances like TNF – alpha, IL- 1 beta and INF Gamma. When microbes interact with defense mechanisms in body, opsonisation occurs. Extracellular destruction of organisms occur by formation of membrane attack complex and intracellular destruction by formation of phagocytic vacuoles. Complement pathways, both alternate and classical pathways get activated after microbial invasion. Release of complement fragment (C3a, C4a, C5a) increases vascular permeability. When microbial insult occurs, chemotaxis (i.e., attraction of neutrophils to the micro organisms to the site of insult) occurs. This further leads to the influx of inflammatory fluid to the area of insult. Diapedesis of neutrophils occur within minutes and it peaks within a period of hours or days. Response to an infection depends upon several factors: 1) Number of micro organisms entering the body. 2) Proliferation of organisms 3) Virulence of organisms 4) Potency of defense mechanism Invasion of microbes can lead to one of the following possible outcomes. a) Eradication of infection b) Limitation of infection ( purulent infection is the hall mark of chronic infection) c) Locoregional infection (cellulitis, soft tissue infection) d) Systemic infection (bacteremia) Infection is defined as an ‘identification of microorganisms in host tissue or bloodstream, plus an inflammatory response to their presence’. The inflammatory signs of ‘rubor, tumor, calor, and dolor’ are common, at the site of infection. Apart from these local manifestations, certain systemic manifestations like increased pulse rate and respiratory rate, elevated temperature and elevated white blood cell (WBC) count. Above noted systemic manifestations comprise the ‘systemic inflammatory response syndrome ‘(SIRS). Fig 2. Causes of SIRS “Sepsis is not an antibiotic deficiency syndrome” SIRS when it is caused by microbial infection is termed as sepsis and it is mediated by production of a cascade of numerous proinflammatory mediators produced in response to the products of microbial invasion. These products can be a lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) derived from gram-negative bacteria; or a peptidoglycan and teichoic acid from gram-positive bacteria; multiple fungal cell wall components such as mannan and numerous others. Patients have sepsis if they meet the following clinical criteria for SIRS and have an evident local or systemic infection. Severe sepsis is defined as sepsis along with the occurence of new-onset failure of organs. It is the frequent cause of death in surgical intensive care units, with a very high mortality rate. i.e., when a patient with sepsis needs ventilatory support and is unresponsive to fluid resuscitation or one who requires vasopressors to correct hypotension, is considered to have severe sepsis. Septic shock is a state in which patient has acute circulatory failure which is usually identified by the occurence of persistent hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg) inspite of aggressive fluid resuscitation, with no other identifiable causes. It is the severe manifestation of infection. It can occur in approximately 40% of patients with severe sepsis; with a very high mortality rate. PATHOGENS OF INTEREST FOR SURGEONS: 1. BACTERIA These are little organisms which are of great importance for the surgeons, as they form the vast majority of surgical site infections. Cell wall staining: � There are a number of species of bacteria which are identified by a specific staining called Gram’s stain. � This staining imparts specific colour to bacterial cell wall through which it is classified as gram positive and gram negative. a) When they stain blue, they are termed as gram-positive bacteria. b) And when a bacteria stains red, it is termed as gramnegative. Growth characteristics: • Every bacteria have certain specific growth characteristics in its specific media. • Based on a number of some characteristics, bacteria can be further classified. It can be depending on a) Morphological characteristics b) the pattern of multiplication [e.g., single or multiplication in groups of organisms, i.e., in pairs (diplococci) or in clusters (staphylococci), or in chains of organisms. (streptococci). c) and the presence of spores and its location. � Terminal spores � Subterminal spores Gram +ve cocci Gram –ve bacilli Gram-positive bacteria The bacteria that cause surgical site infections are: a) skin commensals � Staphylococcus aureus and � Staphylococcus epidermidis and � Streptococcus pyogenes and These organisms cause infections either alone or in combination with other pathogenic organisms. b) commensals of GIT such as Enterococci faecalis and Enterococci faecium. They have the capability to cause nosocomial infections like respiratory infections, catheter associated infections urinary tract infections (UTIs) and septicaemias in immunologically compromised or chronically debilitated patients. But in healthy individuals, these are of little importance. Gram-negative bacteria: The organisms which a surgeon specially interested among gram negative species include: � E. coli, � Proteus vulgaris and mirabilis � Klebsiella pneumoniae � Serratia marcescens � Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. fluorescens. � Enterobacter Anaerobic organisms • These organisms are not able to multiply or divide in the presence of atmospheric air. • This is because of the absence of the enzyme catalase, which is important for the metabolism of reactive oxygen species. • They are the predominantly available in many areas of the human body, including oropharynx and colorectum among which flora in oropharynx is different from the one in colorectum. � C. Perfringens � C.difficile � C. tetani � C. Septicum or novyi. � Bacteroides fragilis � Propionibacterium � Fusobacterium spp. Other bacteria of interest to surgeons include: � Mycobacterium tuberculosis � M. avium-intracellulare and M. Leprae. � Nocardia • These are acid fast and are very slow growing bacilli. • They are not easily cultivated in laboratory and need specific culture media to grow which may take several weeks to months. • They are notorious in causing severe pulmonary and extra pulmonary infections which is still prevalent in our country. Viruses: • Though small in their size, they cause wide variety of infections, especially in immunocompromised patients. • Mostly these organisms are intracellular. • They are extremely difficult to cultivate in artificial culture media. • They are usually identified by the presence of DNA and RNA using specific techniques in polymerase chain reactions. Viruses of specific importance for surgeons include: � Hepatitis viruses B and C � Ebstein barr virus � Cytomegalovirus � Herpes simplex virus � Herpes zoster virus. Fungi • Fungi cause a number of nosocomial infections. • They are identified by special staining methods. • This can be � potassium hydroxide � Giemsa � India ink � methenamine silver • These can be present in yeast form, budding forms or can be observed with numerous branching along with septations. • They can cause surgical site infections combined with bacteria. • They cause severe infections in immunocompromised patients. • Fungi of interest to surgeons include: � C. albicans � Mucor � Rhizopus � Absidia spp � Cryptococcus neoformans � Aspergillus fumigates and A. niger, � Coccidioides immitis. SURGICAL SITE INFECTIONS NOMENCLATURE • DEFINITIONS: Earlier, the term, ‘Surgical Wound Infection Task Force’ (SWITF) was used to ascribe surgical site infections. The term ‘SURGICAL WOUND’–was replaced by ‘SURGICAL SITE INFECTION’. This term was formulated by CDC in 1992. Figure-3 Classification of surgical site infection Figure-4 Superficial SSI CATEGORIES OF SSI SSI were categorized into two, 1. Incisional SSI » Superficial » Deep 2. Organ/space SSI. Of surgical infections, 60 to 80% are incisional and the remainder are organ/space infections. SUPERFICIAL SSI A superficial SSI can be defined as ‘An Infection occuring within 30 days of surgery and it involves only the skin and subcutaneous tissue of incision’. It includes: • Purulent aspirate from the site of incision associated with or without positive culture • Local signs of infection and inflammation – pain, tenderness, localised swelling, redness, heat and this is usually followed by FIGURE 5 DEEP INCISIONAL SSI FIGURE 6 DEEP INCISIONAL SSI • deliberate opening of the superficial incision by surgeon, unless the results of culture reports are negative. • Micro organisms obtained from the culture of fluid or tissue taken aseptically from a superficial incision • Diagnosis of superficial infection made by the surgeon Conditions which should not be considered as SSI include: 1. Stitch abscess 2. Episiotomy wound 3. Infection at the site of circumcision in a new born child. 4. Infected burn wound DEEP INCISIONAL SSI Deep incisional SSI can be defined as ‘An Infection that is occurring within 30 days of surgery ( 1yr if an implant is in place) and infection involving deep soft tissues. It usually includes: • Purulent discharge from the site of deep incision. • Fever of 38 degree celsius or More. • Local pain / tenderness at the incision site and incision dehisces spontaneously or is opened deliberately. • Abscess or other evidence of infection which involves the deep incision and found on direct examination / visual / radiological / histological examination. • Diagnosis made by the physician / surgeon. ORGAN / SPACE SSI An organ or space SSI can be defined as ‘An Infection occuring within 30 days ( 1yr of implant ) or Infection involving any other part of the anatomy other than that of the incision site which was opened / manipulated at the time of surgery. It may include : • Purulent aspirate from the organ / space operated which is identified by a drain • Micro organisms from the culture obtained aseptically • Infection identified during reoperation / Histological examination/ imaging. • ORGAN SPACE SSI MASQUERADING INCISIONAL SSI The following organ space surgical site infection pretends to be an incisional SSI. • Imaging studies done to rule out subfascial collection / fistula from hollow organs. • Presumptive usage of systemic antibiotics. • Interventional radiology/ re-operation done. • Trigger the lethal MOF( multi organ failure). FIGURE 7 DEEP/ORGAN SPACE SSI CLASSIFICATION OF SURGICAL WOUND INFECTION: CLASS – I : Clean wound (Expected wound infection rate is 1-3%) Definition:- - Atraumatic wound - There are no signs of inflammation - Gastrointestinal, Respiratory, Genito Urinary, Biliary tracts are not entered. Organisms :-- Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis Example:-- Hernia repair, Breast surgeries, Thyroid surgeries. CLASS – II :– Clean contaminated (5-10% expected infection rate) Definition :- Elective operation of GIT, Genito Urinary, respiratory tract have been entered during surgery under controlled conditions Organism:-- Endogenous micro flora of the organ that has been entered Example:-- Cholecystectomy, Elective bowel resection CLASS – III: CONTAMINATED WOUNDS ( Expected infection rate is 15%) Definition :-- traumatic wounds(fresh) any breach in the sterile technique used Gross