Rohingyas in Bangladesh: Owning Rohingya Identity in Disowning Spaces

This dissertation focuses on Rohingya people, with a special emphasis on Rohingya youth and young adults, and how they construct their identities. While Rohingya ethnic identity is deeply rooted in Burma, it is influenced by how they grow up and reach adulthood within a protracted situation in Bangladesh. Many Rohingya youth and young adults find it complicated to define who they are because they belong to a place, Burma, that does not consider them citizens, and they reside in a place, Bangladesh, that never recognizes them as residents. The uncertainty around Rohingya identity raises several questions: How does the experience of displacement and refugeeness in Bangladesh shape identity among Rohingya people, particularly among the youth and young adults? What is Rohingya identity? In what ways do they retain their Rohingya identity in the context of their non-citizen status in Bangladesh? While they are stateless, how are the social rights of citizenship experienced by Rohingya people? Using ethnographic methods, I spent nine months in Coxs Bazar, Bangladesh, between 2014 and 2016 to collect data for this research. I interviewed 44 Rohingya people. Rohingyas first arrived in Bangladesh in 1978. After that, many Rohingya people were born and/or raised in Bangladeshi refugee camps, and have never left, while others were forcefully repatriated by Bangladeshi government and then forced to return to Bangladesh again by the Burmese government during 1992-1993 (Abrar, 1995; Pittaway, 2008; Loescher & Milner, 2008; Ullah, 2011; Murshid, 2014). The findings of my research show that due to living in oppressive conditions, uncertainty, and the lack of an appropriate social environment, Rohingya people struggle with forming their identity. Their liminality, statelessness, and lack of rights have created an unsettled and hybrid form of identity for many youth and youth adults living within and outside the refugee camps. In this dissertation, I first describe the lives of Rohingya refugees, then I examine individual constructions of identity and how their sense of belonging is influenced by their refugeeness and lack of legal citizenship. Rohingya peoples struggle with identity formation can only be resolved when the Rohingya crisis comes to an end

A Software Vulnerability Prediction Model Using Traceable Code Patterns And Software Metrics

Software security is an important aspect of ensuring software quality. The goal of this study is to help developers evaluate software security at the early stage of development using traceable patterns and software metrics. The concept of traceable patterns is similar to design patterns, but they can be automatically recognized and extracted from source code. If these patterns can better predict vulnerable code compared to the traditional software metrics, they can be used in developing a vulnerability prediction model to classify code as vulnerable or not. By analyzing and comparing the performance of traceable patterns with metrics, we propose a vulnerability prediction model. Objective: This study explores the performance of code patterns in vulnerability prediction and compares them with traditional software metrics. We have used the findings to build an effective vulnerability prediction model. Method: We designed and conducted experiments on the security vulnerabilities reported for Apache Tomcat (Releases 6, 7 and 8), Apache CXF and three stand-alone Java web applications of Stanford Securibench. We used machine learning and statistical techniques for predicting vulnerabilities of the systems using traceable patterns and metrics as features. Result: We found that patterns have a lower false negative rate and higher recall in detecting vulnerable code than the traditional software metrics. We also found a set of patterns and metrics that shows higher recall in vulnerability prediction. Conclusion: Based on the results of the experiments, we proposed a prediction model using patterns and metrics to better predict vulnerable code with higher recall rate. We evaluated the model for the systems under study. We also evaluated their performance in the cross-dataset validation

Unaccompanied minors in Canada: How social and legal services affect their lives in Ontario

This qualitative research examines how service provisions affect lives of unaccompanied minors in Canada. In this study I utilized a semi-structured individual interview method. Among thirteen participants in my study, five came to Canada as unaccompanied minors and eight are professionals involved with service providing organizations in the Niagara region. The unaccompanied children that I interviewed had mixed experiences. Social and legal supports were made available to some of them while one was deported. This paper employs Bhabha’s postcolonial perspective and Foucault’s governmentality to illustrate unaccompanied minors’ post-arrival situation in Canada. This paper also attempts to look at children’s rights from Hanson and Nieuwenhuys’s (2013) perspective of living rights, social justice and translations. This paper explores how the change in recent immigration law affects the lives of unaccompanied minors. Findings of this study suggest that it is important to have a consensus on the definition of an unaccompanied minor; improved data collection and record-keeping on the number of unaccompanied minors; and, having a government-approved follow up mechanism. The study recommends policy makers, service providers and scholars pay increased attention to the experiences of unaccompanied minors to ensure that adequate social and legal services are offered to an unaccompanied minor in Canada

Role of environmental and genetic factors in autism spectrum disorder

The aim of this study was to find out the environmental as well as genetic factors responsible for increasing the number of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) patients in Bangladesh. A questionnaire was developed based on 12 environmental factors and genetic aspects. Sixty six patients of ASD and 66 non-ASD control were selected randomly. Among the environmental factors, the age of the mother, premature birth, air pollution, age of the father, hypoxia during childbirth and oral contraceptive came out as significant (p<0.05) factors for ASD incidence compared to the control. Association of multiple factors on an individual was found to be crucial to enhance the risk and exposure to five and six factors was statistically significant (p<0.05) for ASD development. Prospective parents should try to keep the number of risk factors as low as possible before 1-2 months of pregnancy, during pregnancy and 1-2 years after the child birth (for child only)

Livelihood after Relocation — Evidences of Guchchagram Project in Bangladesh

Due to climate change and its consequences to islands and coastal countries, the relocation of the people living in those vulnerable places has received a lot of attention from policy makers as well as academicians. There have been similar kinds of programs running in Bangladesh since the country’s independence in 1971, and people who are landless or victimized due to river bank erosion, cyclones, or floods have been relocated under the umbrella program called ‘Guchchagram’, i.e., cluster villages. Different ruling parties had used different names for the project due to the financial nature of the project, but none of them have significantly differed from the overall goals and objectives of relocated settlements and the betterment of the landless and extreme event victims. Particularly, this study asks how and to what extent the livelihood of relocated households has changed, and what the potentials and constraints of the relocated settlements are. Based on an empirical study at four Guchchagrams of Gopalganj Sadar Upazila, the study shows that there is a significant improvement in the livelihood conditions of the migrated people, but the locational disadvantages and access to agricultural production, the local employment market, and some of the targeted objectives of the project have not achieved. To some extent, the rehabilitated families have similar risks as they had before; however, available agricultural lands and proper allocation can reduce such livelihood risks

Seroprevalence of Subclinical HEV Infection in Healthy Pregnant Urban Dwellers of Bangladesh: Identification of Possible Risk Factors

Background: Hepatitis caused by hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is not uncommon in developing countries. It is usually a self-limiting conferring immunity against subsequent infection. However, HEV infection during pregnancy results in varying degree of morbidity, often fatal. The present study was designed to find out the seroprevalence of subclinical HEV infection during pregnancy at different trimesters without history of hepatitis. Materials and Methods: A total 255 asymptomatic healthy pregnant women of three trimesters (85×3=255) with no history of jaundice were included in this cross-sectional study. The subjects were sub-grouped according to socioeconomic status and education level. HEV IgG antibody in serum was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results were expressed as number (percent). Chi-square, Odds Ratio and 95% CI were calculated as applicable. Data analyses were carried out using statistical package for social science for Windows Version 15.0. A p<0.05 was taken as level of significance. Results: Seropositivity for HEV IgG was 38% (96/255) in pregnant women; the higher percentages were recorded in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters − 41% and 46% respectively. The seropositivity of HEV IgG was significantly high in pregnant women with low education level ((p=0.001; OR=2.70, 95% CI=1.602−4.575) and low socioeconomic status (OR=7.54, 95% CI=4.118−13.029) having monthly income below 27,000 taka (p=0.001). Conclusion: Data concluded that seroprevalence of anti-HEV IgG is higher at third trimester in pregnant women in Bangladesh where low socio-economic status and less education level were identified as possible risk factors. Appropriate measures may diminish the possible exposure to infection and reduce maternal mortality

In Harm’s Way: Non-Migration Decisions of People at Risk of Slow-Onset Coastal Hazards in Bangladesh

Non-migration is an adaptive strategy that has received little attention in environmental migration studies. We explore the leveraging factors of non-migration decisions of communities at risk in coastal Bangladesh, where exposure to both rapid- and slow-onset natural disasters is high. We apply the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT) to empirical data and assess how threat perception and coping appraisal influences migration decisions in farming communities suffering from salinization of cropland. This study consists of data collected through quantitative household surveys (n = 200) and semi-structured interviews from four villages in southwest coastal Bangladesh. Results indicate that most respondents are unwilling to migrate, despite better economic conditions and reduced environmental risk in other locations. Land ownership, social connectedness, and household economic strength are the strongest predictors of non-migration decisions. This study is the first to use the PMT to understand migration-related behaviour and the findings are relevant for policy planning in vulnerable regions where exposure to climate-related risks is high but populations are choosing to remain in place. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13280-021-01552-8

Optimization of Time and Saving Water, Energy through Using Regulator with Hydrogen Peroxide in Exhaust Bleaching Process

On this investigation so as to optimize time, water and energy of exhaust bleaching procedure one test turned into accomplished by using modern bleaching regulator Imerol® Blue liquid (mixture of carboxylic acid salts and ethoxylated fatty alcohols) with caustic soda, H2O2 (50%), Bactosol AP (peroxide killer), Acetic acid whilst others become conducted the use of classical wetting agent Imerol (PCLF), sequestering agent (EDTA), stabilizer (NaSi03), caustic soda, H2O2 (35%). In this take a look at demonstrated that (a) Applied the bleaching regulator at 110°C decreased the bleaching time 15 min that accelerated productiveness in comparison to classical bleaching agent. (b) While Bleaching achieved with Imerol® Blue liquid absorbency of cotton knit material changed into stepped forward rather than classical bleaching process. (c) Modern bleaching method decreased weight loss percentage of cotton knit material as compared with classical method. (d) Whilst bleaching regulator Imerol® Blue liquid implemented on cotton knit cloth no rinsing became wished that’s leads the minimization of bleaching time and water with in comparison to classical bleaching. For the outcome effluent volumes decreased that gives benefit on the surroundings and ecology. (e) Bleach regulator Imerol® Blue liquid allows to consume caustic soda at neutral pH in knit cloth as evaluation with classical bleaching. For the result neutralization with acid turned into prevented in modern bleaching technique. (f) For the bleach regulator, wetting, sequestering trait of imerol® Blue liquid no longer simplest leads the minimization of energy, alkaline quantity, degradation of cellulose in method but also advanced degree of whiteness, uniformity and improved dye-potential

Cross linked Core-shell Silica Nanoparticles Mechanical, Structural & Viscoelastic Behavior

Shell cross-linked core-shell nanoparticles (SCCSNs) were prepared via miniemulsion polymerization of styrene in the presence of silane modified inorganic silica. The polystyrene (PS) shell of 69.8% in weight fraction was cross-linked using divinylbenzene. SCCSNs were spherical with a diameter distribution from 37 to 96 nm determined by dynamic light scattering. Dynamic rheology of SCCSNs suspended in PS/toluene solution was compared with that of suspensions of naked silica. The critical strain for onset of rheological nonlinearity was independent of SCCSN concentration above a concentration threshold, which differs from the silica suspensions. Linear dynamic rheological investigation revealed that SCCSN suspensions with a PS volume fraction of 25% were fluid-like at low particle concentrations while suspensions containing 4.5 vol% SCCSNs formed a gel-like structure. On the contrary, the silica suspensions with 20.0 vol% PS underwent a fluid-to-solid-like transition with increasing silica concentration. Reasons for the different rheological behaviors of the naked silica and SCCSN suspensions are discussed