197 research outputs found
Harmonization of Geographical Indication (GI) Registration: A Case Study of Doi Tung Coffee
Coffee is one of the worldâs most valuable commodities. However, both the refining procedure and the growing environment make each source of coffee unique. Recognizing this, the concept of geographical indication has emerged as a vital legal instrument to safeguard the intellectual property rights associated with specific products. Since this protection is jurisdiction-based, each nation can customize its own safeguarding measures and registration procedures to its internal policies and preferences, resulting in differing costs to producers. Multiple registrations in different jurisdictions are required for obtaining protection under the geographical indication realm, consequently creating a complex landscape to certain producers. This article aims to delve into the issues surrounding multiple registrations by examining the experiences of Doi Tung Coffeeâs registrations in Thailand, the European Union, and Japan. Furthermore, harmonization of registration is proposed as a potential solution. By streamlining the registration process across territories, the harmonization approach seeks to minimize the costs associated with multiple registrations and ultimately bolster the competitive edge of producers in the global market. It also underscores the significance of providing adequate protection to promote the growth and success of coffee producers worldwide
Thai migrant women in the Netherlands : cross-cultural marriages and families
This thesis has focused on the cross-cultural marriage of Thai migrant women in the Netherlands and the ups-and-downs of their everyday life of creating and maintaining their relationships with their Dutch husband, Dutch in-laws, Thai relatives and friends in the Netherlands as well as family and non-migrant neighbours in Thailand. The objective of this research is to study four main questions: 1) What factors influence the Thai women to marry and to move? 2) What are the underlying family values in Thai and Dutch societies which shape the marital relationship of the Thai-Dutch couples and their interaction with natal and in-law families? 3) How do the Thai migrant women form, sustain and renew their relationships with kin and friends in the Netherlands? 4) What are the consequences of migration and transnationalism on the womenâs and their familiesâ life transition and on daily experiences of non-migrants in the sending co
mmunity? This study has applied a qualitative approach and such ethnographic research methods as a review of relevant literature, in-depth interviews and participant observation to the data collection and its analysis.LEI Universiteit LeidenFSW - Global Connections --- Ou
Efficacy of Various Antidiabetic Agents as Add-On Treatments to Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Background and Aim. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that has a great impact on patients and society. Metformin monotherapy is capable of maintaining a target glycemic control only for a short term. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of combination therapy of metformin with any antidiabetic agents in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients.
Methods. Reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of combination therapy of metformin with various antidiabetic agents in T2DM failing metformin alone were identified.
Results. Eight studies were identified in our paper. Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) were as effective as dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors (DPP IV inhs) in reducing HbA1c value (pooled mean difference â0.03%; 95% CI â0.16 to 0.10%). In comparison between TZDs and sulphonylureas (SUs), TZDs reduced fasting plasma insulin (FPI) more effectively than SUs (pool mean difference â5.72âΞU/mL; 95% CI â8.21 to â3.22âΞU/mL, P < 0.00001), but no significant differences were detected in the effects on HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (pooled mean difference â2.19âmg/dL; 95% CI â11.32 to 6.94âmg/dL, P = 0.64).
Conclusions. Our study showed that TZDs reduced FPG better than did DPP IV inhs and decreased FPI more than did SUs
Remittances and 'social remittances': Their impact on cross-cultural marriage and social transformation
Last year, almost 9,500 Thai women were living in the Netherlands, many married to Dutch men. Rather than assimilating and transferring their loyalty exclusively to Dutch society these Thai women still maintain strong social linkages with their families and local communities in Thailand, in particular through material contribution
A Review of New Ultra-long-Acting Basal Insulin: Insulin Glargine 300 Units
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļāļēāļĢāđāļāđāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāđāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļĨāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē (basal insulin analogs) āļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļģāļāļąāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļķāđāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļ§āļāļāļļāļĄāđāļĢāļāđāļāļēāļŦāļ§āļēāļ āđāļāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļĄāļĩāļĒāļēāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļēāļ§ āđāļāđāļ āļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļĨāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāļ 100 āļĒāļđāļāļīāļ (insulin glargine 100 units; IGla 100U) āđāļĨāļ° āļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāđāļĄāļĩāļĒāļĢāđ (detemir insulin) āļāļķāđāļāļāļąāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāđāļŦāđāļāļĨāļŠāļĢāļĩāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļŦāļĨāļąāđāļāļāļāļāļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļāļī āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāđāļŦāđāļĒāļēāđāļŦāļĨāđāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāļāļāļēāļāļŠāļđāļāļĄāļąāļāļāļāļ§āđāļēāđāļŦāđāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļĒāļēāļāļļāđāļāļŠāļđāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļŦāđāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāļļāļĄāļāļĨāļāļ 24 āļāļąāđāļ§āđāļĄāļāđāļāđ āļāļąāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļķāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĒāļē IGla 300U āļāļķāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļĒāļēāļāđāļāļĒāļāļĨāļāļāļĨāđāļāļĒ āļāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ āļāļāļāđāļāļēāļĢāļāļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļēāļāļāļāļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļāđāļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāđāļāđāļĢāļąāļāļĢāļāļ IGla 300U āđāļĄāļ·āđāļ 25 āļāļļāļĄāļ āļēāļāļąāļāļāđ 2558 āđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļąāđāļāđāļāļēāļŦāļ§āļēāļāļāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđ 1 āđāļĨāļ° 2 āđāļāļĒāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĨāļāļāļ āļąāļĒāđāļāļĒāļĄāļĩāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļēāļāđāļ āļŠāļąāļāļāļĨāļĻāļēāļŠāļāļĢāđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļĢāļāļāļāļĨāļļāļĄ 24 āļāļąāđāļ§āđāļĄāļ āļāļģāđāļŦāđāđāļāļīāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāđāļģāļāļēāļĨāļāđāļģāļāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļāļĒ āļāđāļģāļŦāļāļąāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāđāļēāļāļāđāļāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļāļēāļāļĒāļēāđāļāđāļāđāļēāļĒ āđāļāļĒāļŠāļĢāļļāļ IGla 300U āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļēāļŦāļ§āļēāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļ āļēāļāđāļāļĒāļĨāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļŠāļĩāđāļĒāļāļāđāļāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāđāļģāļāļēāļĨāđāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāđāļģāđāļĨāļ°āļāđāļģāļŦāļāļąāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļĨāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāļ, āļāļīāļāļŠāļļāļĨāļīāļāļāļāļāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļēāļ§āļāļĩāđāđāļŦāđāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļāļĨāļāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē Abstract Basal insulin analogs are essential for diabetes management. Currently available long-acting insulin (insulin glargine 100 units; IGla 100U) and insulin detemir still do not completely mimic physiological insulin secretion. When administered with high dose, their pharmacokinetic profile showed a peak concentration and a low dose may not be adequate to cover a 24-hour duration of action. Insulin glargine 300 units (IGla 300U) is a new basal insulin with a slow release formulation. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved IGla 300U in February 25, 2015. It can be used both in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It offers efficacy and safety with less pharmacodynamic variability and duration of action over 24 hours, resulting in less hypoglycemic episodes, less weight gain and more flexible dosing regimen. In summary, IGla 300U would be an effective treatment option for diabetes while minimizing risks of hypoglycemia and weight gain. Keywords: insulin glargine, ultra-long acting basal insulin
āļāļĪāļāļĐāđāļāļĄāļĩāđāļĨāļ°āļĪāļāļāļīāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ Phytochemical Study and Anti-wrinkle Activity of Blue Clitoria ternatea L. Petal Extract
āļāļāļāļąāļāļĒāđāļ āļ§āļąāļāļāļļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāđ: āđāļāļ·āđāļāļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāđāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ āļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒ 80% āđāļāļāļēāļāļāļĨ āđāļĨāļ°āļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāļāļąāļ§āļāļģāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļāļĨāļąāđāļāļĢāļ°āđāļŦāļĒāđāļāļāļŦāļĄāļļāļ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ Folin-Ciocalteu āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļāļĨāļđāļĄāļīāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĄāļāļĨāļāđāļĢāļāđ āļ§āļīāđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļāđāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāđāļēāļ pH āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāđāļāļĒāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ spectrophotometric āđāļĨāļ°āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļāđāļ§āļĒāļ§āļīāļāļĩ colorimetric āđāļāļĒāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļĨāđāļāđāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļāļāļāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļēāļāļāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļāđāļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ° 50 (IC50) āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ 1 g āļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļĄāļāļāļāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļ āļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļ āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāļāļĢāļāđāļāļĨāļĨāļīāļ 43.96 mg, āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļ§āļāđāļāļāļīāļ 3.33 mg āđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāđāļēāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļīāļ 0.026 mg āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļāļ§āđāļē āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļāđāļē IC50 āđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ āđāļāđāļēāļāļąāļ 4.47 mg/ml āđāļĨāļ° 3.60 mg/ml āļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļāđāļĄāļĩāļĪāļāļāļīāđāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāđāļĄāļāđāļ 17 mg/ml (āļĢāđāļāļĒāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļ 31.38%) āļŠāļĢāļļāļ: āļŠāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļāļĄāļĩāļāļĪāļāļĐāđāļāļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄāļāļĩāļāļāļĨāļīāļāđāļāđāļāļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļāļāļĄāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļŠāļļāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļāļĨāļēāđāļ§āļāļāļĒāļāđāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĒāļēāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĄāļĨāļģāļāļąāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļĄāļĩāļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĨāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļĢāļīāđāļ§āļĢāļāļĒāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠāđāļĨāļ°āđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠāđāļāđāļāļĩ āđāļāđāđāļĄāđāļĄāļĩāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļāļāļīāļāļĨāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ āļāļģāļŠāļģāļāļąāļ: āļāļĨāļĩāļāļāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļąāļāļŠāļĩāļāđāļģāđāļāļīāļ, āļāļĪāļāļĐāđāļāļĄāļĩ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļĩāļĨāļēāļŠāđāļāļŠ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāļāļāļĨāļĨāļēāļāļĩāđāļāļŠ, āļĪāļāļāļīāđāļĒāļąāļāļĒāļąāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāļĄāđāđāļŪāļĒāļēāļĨāļđāđāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļŠ Abstract Objective: To determine total phytochemical contents, including phenolic, flavonoid and anthocyanin of blue C. ternatea L. extract and to investigate its anti-wrinkle activity from anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, and anti-hyaluronidase activities. Methods: The pulverized blue C. ternatea L. petal was extracted by 80% ethanol and evaporated by a rotary evaporator. Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents were determined by Folin-ciocalteu, AlCl3 complexation colorimetric, and pH differential methods based on gallic acid, quercetin, and cyanidin standard curves, respectively. Anti-elastase and anti-collagenase activities were determined by spectrophotometric method with gallic acid as a positive control. Anti-hyaluronidase activity was determined by the colorimetric method with quercetin as a positive control. Results: Total phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin contents of blue C. ternatea L. petal extract were found at 43.96 mgGAE, 3.33 mgQE, and 0.026 mgCE per 1 g of extract, respectively. The inhibition activity of blue C. ternatea L. petal extract on elastase and collagenase exhibited IC50 values of 4.47 and 3.60 mg/ml, respectively. It showed the most active hyaluronidase inhibition at 17 mg/ml (31.38% hyaluronidase inhibition). Conclusion: The phytochemistry including phenolic, flavonoid, and anthocyanin were found in blue C. ternatea L. petal extract with the highest amount of phenolic compound. The extract showed anti-wrinkle activity on anti-elastase and anti-collagenase, while it showed low anti-hyaluronidase activity. Keywords: blue Clitoria ternatea L. petal, phytochemical contents, anti-elastase, anti-collagenase, anti-hyaluronidas
Characteristics of drug-related problems and pharmacistâs interventions in hospitalized patients in Thailand: a prospective observational study
Drug-related problems (DRPs) are a major health concern. A better understanding of the characteristics of DRPs throughout the hospital stay may help to tailor pharmaceutical care services (PCS). This study aims to describe the characteristics of DRPs and to compare DRP pattern in different stages of hospital stay. DRPs were identified by clinical pharmacists as part of their routine services. Pharmacist assessed causality, severity and preventability of DRP. A total of 316 preventable DRPs occurred in 257 patients with the median of 1 (rang 1â3) DRPs per patient. 46.8% of DRPs occurred at discharge than at other stages. The most frequent cause of DRP was no drug treatment in spite of existing indication, accounting for 32.3% of all DRPs. No drug treatment with existing indication was detected frequently at discharge (56.1%) compared with other stages (p-value < 0.001). The common intervention to physician was starting a drug (34.0%) and the acceptance rate was 95.8%. DRPs in hospitalized patients occur at any stage of the hospital stay. Systematic identification of DRP characteristics enables pharmacists to tailor optimal type of PCS required and hence improve patient safety.The Royal Golden Jubilee (RGJ) Ph.D. Program (Grant No. PHD/0214/2559)
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