In vitro propagation of katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc), an endangered plant in China

Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc) is a long-lived, deciduous, wind-pollinated tree with dimorphic leaves. It is valued as an ornamental or a shade tree for landscape and a commercially valuable tree. Conventional propagation through seeds and cutting is not sufficient to satisfy the progressive demand. There is an exigent need to develop protocols for rapid propagation of katsura trees. This study reports an in vitro propogation of the tree. The work focused on assessing the effects of basal medium, plant growth regulators (PGRs) combination on shoot and root proliferation. Nodal sections of young shoots were used as explants. Shoot initiation, and shoot and root proliferation were carried out on basal medium and PGRs combination. The optimal response of shoot initiation was observed in woody plant medium (WPM) supplemented with 1.0 mg L−1BA and 0.01 mg L−1IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and the percentage of shoot initiation was up to 91.66%. For proliferation of micropropagated shoots, three orthogonal designs were carried out. The result shows that the highest proliferation coefficient (4.83) was obtained in the medium containing 1.0 mg L−1 BA and 0.05 mg L−1 NAA. With the application of benzyladenine (BA) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), emerald green and vigorous shoots were observed. Shoots about 2.0 cm long with 4 to 6 leaves were excised and transferred to root propagation media. When the concentration of NAA was 0.5 mg L−1, the rooting percentage, mean number and mean length of roots were the highest, reaching 75% and 3.1 and 2.1 cm respectively. This efficient plant regeneration system would be helpful for genetic improvement through future conservation and biotechnology research.Keywords: Katsura tree (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. Et Zucc), shoot initiation, shoot propagation, root propagatio

New nematode species from the continental slope of New Zealand (Chromadorea, Microlaimida, and Chromadorida), and unexpected placement of the genus Molgolaimus Ditlevsen, 1921

Abstract(#br)The current nematode classification comprises three primarily marine basal Chromadorean orders: the Microlaimida Leduc et al., 2018; Desmodorida De Coninck, 1965; and Chromadorida Chitwood, 1933. The phylogenetic placement of several taxa within these orders, however, is unclear due to the paucity of taxonomically informative morphological characters for high-level classification and is yet to be tested by molecular phylogenetic analyses due to the absence of molecular sequences. Here, we describe Molgolaimus kaikouraensis sp. nov. and Aponema pseudotorosum sp. nov. from the continental slope of New Zealand and investigate phylogenetic relationships of these species and that of the rare desmodorid genera Onepunema and Pseudonchus , using SSU phylogenetic analyses for the..

Influence and Screening of Potential Markers of Salmonella Pollution on Volatile Components of Pepper Chicken

To explore the influence of Salmonella contamination on pepper chicken, electronic nose combined with headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) technique was used to analyze volatile substances in pepper chicken contaminated with Salmonella at different concentration and culture time. The results showed that the electronic nose effectively differentiated volatile profiles across incubation periods. The contents of alcohols, ketones, alkanes and hydrides increased with the extension of culture time. Among them, W1W and W2S sensors were the indicator sensors of Salmonella contaminated pepper chicken in low concentration group, W6S and W1S sensors were the indicator sensors of Salmonella contaminated pepper chicken in high concentration group. Orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) could better distinguish volatile substances in pepper chicken and classify the characteristic substances. HS-SPME-GC-MS identified 3-methyltetradecane (4 to 6 h after inoculation), chlorocetane (4 to 6 h after inoculation), 2-methyl-5-(1-methylvinyl)cyclohexanone and trans-4-(isopropyl)-1-methylcyclohexan-2-ene-1-ol (2 to 6 h after inoculation) could be used as a potential volatile marker of Salmonella contaminated pepper chicken. These results provide reference for the study of volatile markers of Salmonella contamination in pepper chicken

Biofouling characteristics in Xinghua Bay of Fujian, China

Biofouling is one of the main factors affecting the efficiency and safety of cooling water systems in coastal nuclear power plants. Understanding the population dynamics, succession rules and cumulative effects of major fouling organisms is the basis for targeted prevention and control. A 1-year simulated concrete panel test was conducted from December 2020 to November 2021 in Xinghua Bay, China. A total of 78 species of fouling organisms were recorded by combining the monthly, seasonal, semiannual, annual and monthly cumulative panels, and the community composition was dominated by nearshore warm-water species, making for a typical subtropical inner bay-type community. The fouling organisms had a peak attachment period from June to October. Significantly more attachment was observed during summer (from June to August) than during the other three seasons. The attachment amount in the second half-year (from June to November) was much higher than that in the first half-year (from December to May). The attachment thickness, density, and biomass of the bottom summer panels reached 20 cm, 105,150 ind./m2, and 19,274.50 g/m2, respectively, while those of the bottom annual panels were 40 cm, 27,300 ind./m2, and 17,762.50 g/m2, respectively. The dominant fouling organisms with calcified shells mainly included Amphibalanus reticulatus and Pernaviridis. These species had high attachment amounts,could accumulate attachments for a long time, and even might cause secondary blockage, making them the most detrimental to the safety of a cooling system. Moreover,the seasonal upward growth of hydroids and bryozoans can also significantly reduce the efficiency of cooling water intake. We suggest that targeted prevention and control should be carried out according to the larval attachment period of different dominant groups of fouling organisms during June-October, which can greatly improve the prevention and control efficiency. Strengthening the research on the biological cycle phenomenon of the main species and their main environmental impact factors, and establishing a scientific and effective early-warning model are the governance direction of formulating and implementing scientific pollution prevention and control in the future

Two new ovoviviparous species of the family Selachinematidae and Sphaerolaimidae (Nematoda, Chromadorida & Monhysterida) from the <br />northern South China Sea

Two new ovoviviparous nematode species are described from South China Sea. Bendiella vivipara n. sp. belongs to the family Selachinematidae and is characterized by a cuticle with lateral differentiation of 2–4 longitudinal rows of dots, and the presence of 3 papillose precloacal supplements. Parasphaerolaimus jintiani n. sp. is characterized by a cuticle with lateral longitudinal unstriated band extending from about the middle of the pharynx to the anterior two-thirds of the tail and a vulva situated far posteriorly. The importance of ovoviviparity in free living marine nematodes is discussed. </jats:p

Dorylaimopsis Ditlevsen 1918

Genus &lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis&lt;/i&gt; Ditlevsen, 1918 &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Type species&lt;/b&gt;: &lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis punctata&lt;/i&gt; Ditlevsen, 1918&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis&lt;/b&gt; (modified from Jensen (1979) &amp; Leduc (2012)). Dorylaimopsinae. Cuticle with transverse rows of punctations, lateral differentiation as a ridge with longitudinal rows of coarse dots. Posterior portion of buccal cavity cylindrical, with three thorn-like teeth at border to anterior portion. Outer labial sensilla and cephalic setae in separate circles. Spicules slender, usually long, arcuate or jointed. Gubernacular apophyses directed caudally or dorsocaudally.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Fu, Sujing, Leduc, Daniel, Rao, Yiyong &amp; Cai, Lizhe, 2019, Three new free-living marine nematode species of Dorylaimopsis (Nematoda Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae) from the South China Sea and the Chukchi Sea, pp. 433-450 in Zootaxa 4608 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on page 434, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4608.3.2, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3066691"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/3066691&lt;/a&gt

Three new free-living marine nematode species of Dorylaimopsis (Nematoda Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae) from the South China Sea and the Chukchi Sea

Fu, Sujing, Leduc, Daniel, Rao, Yiyong, Cai, Lizhe (2019): Three new free-living marine nematode species of Dorylaimopsis (Nematoda Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae) from the South China Sea and the Chukchi Sea. Zootaxa 4608 (3): 433-450, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4608.3.

Dorylaimopsis longispicula Fu & Leduc & Rao & Cai 2019, sp. n.

&lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis longispicula&lt;/i&gt; sp. n. &lt;p&gt;(Figures 1&ndash;3, Table 1)&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Material examined. Type specimens.&lt;/b&gt; Holotype male, inventory slide no. Beibuwan 201137.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;The habitat and locality.&lt;/b&gt; Beibu Gulf, the South China Sea. Collected on August 2011, 20 &deg;39&prime;N, 108&deg;02&prime;E, water depth 20 m, salinity 33.48&permil;; 20&deg;38&prime;N, 108&deg;37&prime;E, water depth 32 m, salinity 33.85&permil;; 20&deg;39&prime;N, 109&deg;32&prime;E, water depth 23 m, salinity 33.48&permil;; surface sediment layer (0&ndash;10 cm), muddy sediment. Male inventory slide no. Beibuwan 201101, 201112, 201115, 201165 and 201169. Female inventory slide no. Beibuwan 201102, 201128, 201133 and 201165.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Etymology.&lt;/b&gt; The name refers to the long spicules that characterize the new species.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Description. Male.&lt;/b&gt; Body long, slender, tapering toward both extremities. Cuticle with punctations from level of amphid to 2/3 of conical portion of tail. Lateral differentiation consisting of four longitudinal rows of larger dots in pharyngeal and tail regions, two rows of larger dots elsewhere. Somatic setae rare and sparse, 5 &mu;m long. Head set-off by constriction posterior to cephalic setae. Six inner labial papillae, six outer labial setae. Four cephalic setae, equal to 0.4&ndash;0.8 corresponding body diameters long, outer labial setae slightly shorter. Amphideal fovea spiral, 3 turns, located immediately posterior to cephalic setae. Anterior portion of buccal cavity cup-shaped, posterior portion of buccal cavity cylindrical, cuticularized, with three strong cuticularized teeth at border to anterior portion. Pharynx widening slightly posteriorly, not forming true bulb. Nerve ring near middle of pharynx. Renette situated posterior to cardia; excretory pore situated posterior to nerve ring.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt;Reproductive system with two opposed and outstretched testes. Anterior testis to the left and posterior testis to the right of intestine. Spicules paired, equal to 3.2&ndash;3.8 cloacal body diameters in length, curved, proximal end strongly cephalated and tapering distally. Gubernaculum with two straight caudal apophyses. Twelve to sixteen tubular precloacal supplements present which are often difficult to distinguish. Tail slender, conico-cylindrical, posterior two thirds of tail conical with numerous short setae. Tail tip slightly enlarged, with three terminal setae. Three caudal glands and spinneret present.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Female.&lt;/b&gt; Similar to males but shorter. Reproductive system didelphic, amphidelphic, with outstretched ovaries; anterior ovary to the left of intestine and posterior ovary to the right of intestine. Vulva equatorial. Spermatheca present, often with numerous spermatozoa. Tail shorter than in males, conico-cylindrical, with several short caudal setae and three short terminal setae. Three caudal glands and spinneret present.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;b&gt;Diagnosis and relationships.&lt;/b&gt; &lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis longispicula&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. n.&lt;/b&gt; is characterized by amphideal fovea with three turns, lateral differentiation consisting of four longitudinal rows of larger dots in pharyngeal and tail regions, two rows of larger dots in the middle regions; renette situated posterior to cardia; spicules 3.2&ndash;3.8 cloacal body diameters long and curved, twelve to sixteen tubular precloacal supplements present; tail tip with three terminal setae.&lt;/p&gt; &lt;p&gt; &lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis longispicula&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. n.&lt;/b&gt; is morphologically similar to &lt;i&gt;D. intermedia&lt;/i&gt; Gagarin, 2013, &lt;i&gt;D. brevispiculata&lt;/i&gt; Gagarin, 2013, &lt;i&gt;D. rabalaisi&lt;/i&gt; Zhang, 1992, &lt;i&gt;D. gerardi&lt;/i&gt; Muthumbi &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1997, &lt;i&gt;D. variabilis&lt;/i&gt; Muthumbi &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 1997 and &lt;i&gt;D. papilla&lt;/i&gt; Guo &lt;i&gt;et al.&lt;/i&gt;, 2018 in the pattern of lateral differentiation, namely three or four longitudinal rows on the pharyngeal and tail regions, two rows in the middle body portion and with simple arcuate spicules structure. &lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis longispicula&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. n.&lt;/b&gt; differs from &lt;i&gt;D. intermedia&lt;/i&gt; in the longer spicules (179&ndash;197 &mu;m &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt; 149&ndash;164 &mu;m in &lt;i&gt;D. intermedia&lt;/i&gt;) and presence of precloacal supplements in males of new species. &lt;i&gt;Dorylaimopsis longispicula&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. n.&lt;/b&gt; differs from &lt;i&gt;D. rabalaisi&lt;/i&gt; in the numbers of amphidial fovea turns (3 &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt; 2.5&ndash;2.75 in &lt;i&gt;D. rabalaisi&lt;/i&gt;), longer spicules (179&ndash;197 &mu;m &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt; 60&ndash;97 &mu;m in &lt;i&gt;D. rabalaisi&lt;/i&gt;), and spicules cuticularisation without ventral discontinuity (&ldquo;ventral opening&rdquo;) near proximal end. In addition, &lt;i&gt;D. longispicula&lt;/i&gt; &lt;b&gt;sp. n.&lt;/b&gt; has much longer spicules than &lt;i&gt;D. brevispiculata&lt;/i&gt; (179&ndash;197 &mu;m &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt; 59&ndash;68 &mu;m in &lt;i&gt;D. brevispiculata&lt;/i&gt;), &lt;i&gt;D. gerardi&lt;/i&gt; (3.2&ndash;3.8 &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt; 1.7&ndash;1.9 cloacal body diameter in &lt;i&gt;D. gerardi&lt;/i&gt;) and &lt;i&gt;D. variabilis&lt;/i&gt; (3.2&ndash;3.8 &lt;i&gt;vs&lt;/i&gt; 1.8&ndash;2.4 cloacal body diameter in &lt;i&gt;D. variabilis&lt;/i&gt;), and it can be distinguished from &lt;i&gt;D. brevispiculata&lt;/i&gt; based on absence of precloacal supplements in &lt;i&gt;D. brevispiculata&lt;/i&gt;, and differs from &lt;i&gt;D. variabilis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;D. papilla&lt;/i&gt; by spicules with capitulum in &lt;i&gt;D. variabilis&lt;/i&gt; and &lt;i&gt;D. papilla&lt;/i&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;Published as part of &lt;i&gt;Fu, Sujing, Leduc, Daniel, Rao, Yiyong &amp; Cai, Lizhe, 2019, Three new free-living marine nematode species of Dorylaimopsis (Nematoda Araeolaimida: Comesomatidae) from the South China Sea and the Chukchi Sea, pp. 433-450 in Zootaxa 4608 (3)&lt;/i&gt; on pages 434-438, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4608.3.2, &lt;a href="http://zenodo.org/record/3066691"&gt;http://zenodo.org/record/3066691&lt;/a&gt