Perbandingan Perhitungan Trafik Jam Sibuk CDMA 2000 1x Pada BTS Inner City Dan BTS Outer City Dengan Mempergunakan Metode ADPH, TCBH, FDMH Dan FDMP

Cellular communication system is a wireless communication system where the subscriber can move within a wide network coverage. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a multiuser access technology that is each user uses a unique code contained in the access channel in the system. Calculation and determination of peak hours can be done by several methods such as: Average Daily Peak Hour (ADPH), Time Consistent Busy Hour (TCBH), Fixed Daily Measurement Hour (FDMH), Fixed Daily Measurement Period (FDMP). The effectiveness of the channel should be determined by occupancy both at inner city territory and outer city  territory location. Using design Erlang (Erl) for supply channel at Base Transceiver Station (BTS) that provided, BTS has a design Erlang of 369,83 Erl at inner city and it has a design Erlang of 241,8 Erl at outer city. Peak hour on the inner city occurred at 12:00 to 15:00, whereas the outer city of peak hour occurred at 18:00 to 21:00. Effectiveness value that determined by operator are : <20% = low occupancy (not effective), 21% to 69% = normal occupancy (effective), and > 70% = high occupancy (very effective). In this case occupancy values obtained in each method is between 21% to 69% which means effectiv

A Novel Pathogenesis-Related Class 10 Protein <i>Gly m 4l,</i> Increases Resistance upon <i>Phytophthora sojae</i> Infection in Soybean (<i>Glycine max</i> [L.] Merr.)

<div><p>Phytophthora root and stem rot of soybean, caused by <i>Phytophthora sojae</i> (<i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>), is a destructive disease in many soybean planting regions worldwide. In a previous study, an expressed sequence tag (EST) homolog of the major allergen <i>Pru ar 1</i> in apricot (<i>Prunus armeniaca</i>) was identified up-regulated in the highly resistant soybean ‘Suinong 10’ infected with <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>. Here, the full length of the EST was isolated using rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). It showed the highest homolgy of 53.46% with <i>Gly m 4</i> after comparison with the eight soybean allergen families reported and was named <i>Gly m 4-like</i> (<i>Gly m 4l</i>, GenBank accession no. HQ913577.1). The cDNA full length of <i>Gly m 4l</i> was 707 bp containing a 474 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 157 amino acids. Sequence analysis suggests that <i>Gly m 4l</i> contains a conserved ‘P-loop’ (phosphate-binding loop) motif at residues 47–55 aa and a Bet v 1 domain at residues 87–120 aa. The transcript abundance of <i>Gly m 4l</i> was significantly induced by <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>, salicylic acid (SA), NaCl, and also responded to methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and ethylene (ET). The recombinant <i>Gly m 4l</i> protein showed RNase activity and displayed directly antimicrobial activity that inhibited hyphal growth and reduced zoospore release in <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>. Further analyses showed that the RNase activity of the recombinant protein to degrading tRNA was significantly affected in the presence of zeatin. Over-expression of <i>Gly m 4l</i> in susceptible ‘Dongnong 50’ soybean showed enhanced resistance to <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>. These results indicated that <i>Gly m 4l</i> protein played an important role in the defense of soybean against <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i> infection.</p></div

Nucleotide and amino acid sequence of <i>Gly m 4l</i>.

<p>The P-loop motif and Bet v 1 motif are shown in shadow. The α-helices and β-sheets are marked underlined.</p

Characterization analysis of Gly m 4l.

<p>(A) Phylogeny analysis of Gly m 4l with 20 other PR10 proteins. The GenBank Accession numbers are as follows: PfPR10 (AAB07447.1), PsPR10 (AAA90954.1), MtPR10 (AES65085.1), MsPR10 (CAC37691.1), GmPR10 (XP_006582821.1), Gly m 4 (CAA42646.1), VvPR10.2 (CAC16165.1), VvPR10.3 (CBJ49381.1), Ypr10a (CAB94733.1), ZjPR10 (AGL07712.1), PdPR10 (ABW99634.1), VpPR10 (ABC86747.1), GhPR10 (AAG18454.1), NtPR10 (AEY11296.1), CaPR10 (ABC74798.1), SlPR10 (AHC08074.1), RaPR10 (ACH63224.1), ThPR10 (ACK38253.1), SbPR10a (AAW83207.1), and OsPR10 (BAD03969.1). (B) Alignment of amino acid sequences of Gly m 4l and the nearby 5 PR10 proteins. The ‘P-loop’ motif and the Bet v 1 motifs are marked underlined. (C) The tertiary structure of Gly m 4l protein and the comparison with that of the other five PR10 proteins.</p

Response of <i>Gly m 4l</i> transgenic soybean plants to <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>.

<p>(A) Quantitative real-time PCR of the T₂ transgenic soybean plants. (B) Disease symptoms on the leaves of the transgenic lines and non-transgenic lines treated with a <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i> race 1 inoculum at 48 h and 96 h. (C) The lesion area of the transgenic lines and non-transgenic lines were detected after 96 h of incubation with <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>. (D) Quantitative real-time PCR of the T₃ transgenic soybean plants. (E) Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i> relative biomass based on the transcript level of the <i>P</i>. <i>sojae TEF1</i> gene. The experiment was performed on three biological replicates with their respective three technical replicates and statistically analysed using Student’s t-test (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean (SE).</p

Analysis of the purified recombinant <i>Gly m 4l</i> protein.

<p>(A) The recombinant Gly m 4l protein induced with 0.5 mM IPTG at 37°C for 1–5 h in <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i> BL21 (DE3). (B) SDS-PAGE analysis of the purified recombinant Gly m 4l protein using His-Bind Kits. (C) The purified recombinant Gly m 4l protein analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-His antibody.</p

Antimicrobial activity of the recombinant <i>Gly m 4l</i> protein.

<p>(A) The antimicrobial activity of the recombinant Gly m 4l protein against the hyphal growth of <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>. 1, 25 μg boiled Gly m 4l protein. 2, 15 μg Gly m 4l protein; 3, Elution buffer. 4, 25 μg Gly m 4l protein. (B) The antimicrobial activity of the recombinant Gly m 4l protein against zoospore release of <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i>. The experiments were performed on three technical replicates and statistically analysed using Student’s t-test (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean (SE).</p

RNase and DNase activities of the recombinant <i>Gly m 4l</i> protein.

<p>(A) RNase activity of Gly m 4l protein under different pH conditions. Samples containing 10 μg total soybean RNA were incubated with the presence of 10 μg Gly m 4l protein at 37°C for 0, 2 and 4 h at pH 3, 5, 7 and 9 from left to right. (B) RNase activity of the recombinant Gly m 4l protein analyzed in the presence of zeatin using total soybean RNA at pH 7. Samples containing 10 μg total soybean RNA were incubated with the presence of 10 μg Gly m 4l protein and 10 mM zeatin at 37°C for 30 min, 1, 2, 3 and 4 h. The samples incubated with the presence of the recombinant Gly m 4l protein or boiled Gly m 4l protein and zeatin were used as negative controls. (C) RNase activity of the recombinant Gly m 4l protein analyzed in the presence of zeatin using yeast tRNA. Samples containing 100 μg yeast tRNA were incubated with the presence of 10 μg recombinant Gly m 4l protein and 10 mM zeatin at 37°C for 30 min. The samples incubated with the presence of Gly m 4l protein alone or boiled Gly m 4l protein and zeatin were used as controls. The results were calculated by the 2^−ΔΔCt method. (D) DNase activity of the recombinant Gly m 4l protein under different pH conditions. Samples containing 10 μg total soybean DNA and 10 μg Gly m 4l protein were incubated at 37°C for 0 and 4 h at pH 3, 5, 7 and 9 from left to right. The experiments were performed on three technical replicates and statistically analysed using Student’s t-test (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean (SE).</p

Expression patterns analysis of <i>Gly m 4l</i> by quantitative real-time PCR.

<p>(A) The transcript abundance of <i>Gly m 4l</i> in the root, stem and leaf. The Ct value of each sample was normalized to the Ct value of <i>GmEF1B</i>. (B) The transcript abundance of <i>Gly m 4l</i> in response to <i>P</i>. <i>sojae</i> infection. The Ct value of each sample was normalized to the Ct value of <i>GmActin4</i>, and the relative expression of <i>Gly m 4l</i> was compared with mock plants at the same time point. (C) and (D), The transcript abundance of <i>Gly m 4l</i> in response to various stresses. Exogenous chemicals are SA (0.5 mM), MeJA (100 μM), ET (0.2 mM ethephon), ABA (50 mM), GA₃ (50 mg.L^-1), NaCl (100 mM), PEG (20%), and cold (4°C). The Ct value of each sample was normalized to the Ct value of <i>GmActin4</i> and the relative expression of <i>Gly m 4l</i> was compared with mock plants at the same time point. The experiments were performed on three biological replicates with their respective three technical replicates and statistically analysed using Student’s t-test (*P<0.05, **P<0.01). Bars indicate standard error of the mean (SE).</p

Subcellular localization analysis of <i>Gly m 4l</i>-GFP protein in Arabidopsis protoplasts.

<p>(A) Flow chart of construction 35S: Gly m 4l-GFP for subcellular localization analysis. (B) Images visualized by a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. The images of bright-field (a and b), the GFP fluorescence (green) only (c and d), the chlorophyll autofluorescence (red) only (e and f) and combined ones (g and h) are shown. All scale bars indicate 10 μm.</p