Comparative Analysis of Fruit Disease Identification Methods: A Comprehensive Study

The need for accurate and efficient technologies for recognising and controlling fruit diseases has increased due to the rising global demand for high-quality agricultural products. This study focuses on the advantages, disadvantages, and potential practical applications of a range of methods for identifying fecundities. Thanks to developments like improved imaging, machine learning, and data analysis tools, old methods of disease diagnosis have altered as technology has developed. The study compares older methods like visual observation, manual symptom correlation, spectroscopy, and chemical procedures with more contemporary methods like computer vision, autonomous learning algorithms, and sensor-based technologies. Precision, efficiency, cost, scalability, and ease of use are used to describe each method's effectiveness. The article reviews the research examples and practical applications of fruit endocrine disease detection in different cultivars and areas to provide a thorough comparison. This comparison focuses on the variations in disease prevalence and the ways that alternative treatments can be customised to certain situations.It is for this reason that this study offers useful information on how the methods for detecting fruit rot have evolved through time. It emphasises the significance of utilising technological advances to enhance the accuracy, effectiveness, and long-term sustainability of the management of agricultural diseases. Based on the unique requirements of their various agricultural systems, this analysis can assist researchers, practitioners, and policymakers in selecting the most effective methods for identifying fruit diseases

Mixing in the surface waters of the western Bay of Bengal using 228Ra and 226Ra

228Ra and 226Ra have been measured in the surface waters of the western Bay of Bengal during five cruises conducted between 1988 and 1999. The ranges and mean (given in brackets) concentrations for 228Ra and 226Ra are 6.8-42.1 (17.8 ± 7.9) dpm/100 kg and 6.0-16.7 (9.2 ± 2.2) dpm/ 100 kg, respectively. (228Ra/226Ra) Activity Ratio (henceforth denoted as [228/226]) ranges from 0.8 to 3.4 with a mean of 1.9 ± 0.5. Both 228Ra and 226Ra show inverse correlation with salinity, the former much stronger. A surface 2-D diffusion-advection model is used with a new approach. A simple bivariate function, C(x,y) = C0e-Ax·e-By where C0, A and B are constants, is fitted to the whole 228Ra and 226Ra data C(x,y). Substituting C(x,y) in the two-dimensional steady-state diffusion equation of Ra, the estimated values of the constants A and B can be related to eddy diffusivities and advection velocities in the zonal (x) and meridional (y) directions. From this relationship, the horizontal eddy diffusivities in the zonal and meridional directions are inferred to be 1.3 × 107 and 2.1 × 108 cm2s-1, respectively in the absence of advection terms. Similarly, neglecting the influence of diffusion, one can estimate the advection velocities, wx and wy in the zonal and meridional directions, as 0.2 and 1.1 cm s-1, respectively. The model-fit values C(x,y) of 228Ra concentrations are in good agreement with the measured values except in regions showing exceptionally high and low values. Incorporating both the advection rates and eddy diffusivities into the equation, it is found that increasing advection velocities depending on the direction can decrease or increase the eddy diffusivities and that such changes are more effective in the meridional direction compared to zonal direction in the region of study. On the whole, 228Ra appears a good tracer to derive rates of mixing between low salinity waters in the north and their high salinity southern counterparts of the western Bay of Bengal. The eddy diffusivities, Kx and Ky (without advection) derived for the Bay of Bengal are higher by about an order of magnitude than the ones similarly obtained for the Arabian Sea. This is not unexpected due to the turbulent conditions prevailing in the Bay of Bengal for most of the year

Altered Mucins (MUC) trafficking in benign and malignant conditions.

Mucins are high molecular weight O-glycoproteins that are predominantly expressed at the apical surface of epithelial cells and have wide range of functions. The functional diversity is attributed to their structure that comprises of a peptide chain with unique domains and multiple carbohydrate moieties added during posttranslational modifications. Tumor cells aberrantly overexpress mucins, and thereby promote proliferation, differentiation, motility, invasion and metastasis. Along with their aberrant expression, accumulating evidence suggest the critical role of altered subcellular localization of mucins under pathological conditions due to altered endocytic processes. The mislocalization of mucins and their interactions result in change in the density and activity of important cell membrane proteins (like, receptor tyrosine kinases) to facilitate various signaling, which help cancer cells to proliferate, survive and progress to more aggressive phenotype. In this review article, we summarize studies on mucins trafficking and provide a perspective on its importance to pathological conditions and to answer critical questions including its use for therapeutic interventions

A CRITICAL INSIGHT INTO SHIKIMATE KINASE PATHWAY

Objective: Tuberculosis is the most infectious disease that appears to be dreadful even in the presence of anti tubercular drugs. The problem of MDR-TB is growing at an alarming rate and the prevalence of the disease cause devastation to the molecular level. We hereby carry out a review of shikimate pathway used for tuberculosis management. Based on the available evidence on its vital roles, we highlight ways in which their therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country's healthcare system. Methods: Information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 20115 for publications on shikimate pathways and their therapeutic targets for Multi Drug Resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Results: Numerous factors have been reported to be the causative agent in the progression of the disease. Apart from this, a number of transcription factors is also been involved in the down regulation of the modulatory pathology. The emergence of MDR-TB washes out the treatment and control of Tuberculosis at an extremely difficult stage. Epidemilogical data revels that Tuberculosis kill approx. 3 million people in a year. Shikimate Kinase and other agents can be involved therapeutic target and evaluation of new pathways. Emphasis need to be urgently given for the diagnosis and treatment of the TB in the society effectively. Conclusion: This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of Shikimate Kinase Pathway used in MDR-TB management so as to ensure a more rational use. Shikimate Kinase is one of the main enzymes involved in Shikimate pathway that has emerged as a vital target in many of the morbidity

Effect of Herbal Mycotoxin Binders in Amelioration of Induced Mycotoxicosis in White Leghorn Laying Hens

Efficacy of herbal mycotoxin binders in ameliorating induced mycotoxicosis was evaluated in white leghorn laying hens. Birds were randomly divided into six groups containing 15 birds in each group. Group I was served as control fed with basal diet, group II birds were fed with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A at 100 ppb each. Group III, IV, V and VI birds were fed with aflatoxins and ochratoxin A at 100ppb each and herbal mycotoxin binders Vilocym®, Toxiroak®,Vilocym-Z® in feed at 1 kg/tonne and AV/LBP/20® at 1 ml/litre in drinking water respectively for 10 weeks. The cultured rice and wheat samples were screened for presence of mycotoxins by LC-MS/MS method. Aflatoxins concentration in cultured rice sample was 826 ppb. Ochratoxin A concentration in cultured wheat sample was 8990 ppb. The hematological parametes viz., Hb, TEC, PCV showed signmificant decreased level in (Group II, III, IV, V and VI) compared to their respective control group. Similarly biochemical parameters viz., aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase showed significantly decreased level in treatred groups (Group II, III, IV, V and VI) compared to their respective control group. Serum albumin and serum total protein level significantly decreased in treatred groups (Group II, III, IV, V and VI) compared to their respective control group(Group I). Histopathology of Group II birds revealed toxic effects on liver and kidney. Supplementation of herbal mycotoxin binders in mycotoxicated feed showed improvement in all the parameters indicating that herbal mycotoxin binders reduce the severity of toxicity.Keywords: White leghorn laying hens Aspergillus flavus Aspergillus ochraceous Aflatoxins & ochratoxin A Herbal mycotoxin binder

Health Care Chatbot Assistant System

Rasa stack consists of many open source AI apparatuses solely utilized in plan to make a logical chatbot. It consists of incredible APIs embedded along the Rasa stack that incorporates  Natural language understanding. It incorporates the sack of words calculation helping in streamlining portrayl utilized in measurable displaying and AI stages and furthermore trend setting innovation. The proposed framework is to make an option in contrast to this ordinary strategy for visiting a clinic and making a meeting with a specialist to get analysis. From the user queries chatbot will, predicts the infection and prescribes treatment along with necessary medicine. It like wise support the utilization of this RASA stage for the client specific format according to their prerequisites and furthermore elevates in building up the system for better efficiency

ECMO: a lifesaving modality in ARDS during puerperium

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an uncommon condition encountered in pregnancy. The incidence of ARDS in pregnancy has been reported to be 1 in 6229 deliveries with mortality rates to range from 24% to 39% in pregnant patients. An essential component in management of ARDS involves good communication between the obstetrics team and critical care specialist and a fundamental understanding of mechanical ventilatory support. In critically ill patients where both cardiorespiratory support is required, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) can be used to help maintain the vital functions. ECMO is a temporary cardio respiratory or respiratory support in critically ill patients who are unresponsive to conventional management.  In present case a young female with post-partum ARDS was successfully managed with extra corporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)

Targeting and Diffusion of Chickpea improved cultivars in Andhra Pradesh state of India

Chickpea accounts for about 45% of total pulses produced in India, which is the major chickpea producing country, contributing over 75% of world production. Andhra Pradesh is the fifth largest state in chickpea cultivation. In Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool and Prakasam districts were occupying the first and second positions in chickpea production. Tropical Legumes-II (TL-II) project was supported by BMGF and has been promoting chickpea improved cultivars in the state since 2007 improving farmer’s livelihood by enhancing chickpea productivity. For this Farmer Participatory Varietal Selection (FPVS) approach was followed. Further a strategic deepening and widening of technology outreach to farmers across all categories was designed by involving farmers in selection of varieties. This demonstrated the performance of improved cultivars over the check cultivars in the two targeted districts. Based on farmers’ preference, cultivars were identified, multiplied and distributed to them in small seed pockets. During the first phase of the project (2007-08 to 2010-11), 476 seed pockets were distributed freely in 119 villages of two districts. A real tracking survey was taken up to track these farmers and understand their perceptions on TL-II cultivars. The main objective of the present paper is to trace adoption of chickpea cultivars, drivers of diffusion and innovations in spread of chickpea technology and examine the sustainability. In the realtime survey 487 seed and non-seed beneficiary farmers was included using probability proportionate sampling. TL-II cultivars (JG 11, KAK 2, Vihar, JAKI 9218) have completely replaced the old cultivar (Annigeri). The Logit and Tobit estimation showed that availability of household labour, access to formal seed sources, price information and literacy increased adoption of improved cultivars. Subsidized seed hastened diffusion process. Seed beneficiaries perceived 40-60% yield enhancement through improved cultivars which led to a ‘Salient Chickpea Revolution’ in the stat

Functional Redundancy of Class I Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (PI3K) Isoforms in Signaling Growth Factor-Mediated Human Neutrophil Survival

We have investigated the contribution of individual phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) Class I isoforms to the regulation of neutrophil survival using (i) a panel of commercially available small molecule isoform-selective PI3K Class I inhibitors, (ii) novel inhibitors, which target single or multiple Class I isoforms (PI3Kα, PI3Kβ, PI3Kδ, and PI3Kγ), and (iii) transgenic mice lacking functional PI3K isoforms (p110δKOγKO or p110γKO). Our data suggest that there is considerable functional redundancy amongst Class I PI3Ks (both Class IA and Class IB) with regard to GM-CSF-mediated suppression of neutrophil apoptosis. Hence pharmacological inhibition of any 3 or more PI3K isoforms was required to block the GM-CSF survival response in human neutrophils, with inhibition of individual or any two isoforms having little or no effect. Likewise, isolated blood neutrophils derived from double knockout PI3K p110δKOγKO mice underwent normal time-dependent constitutive apoptosis and displayed identical GM-CSF mediated survival to wild type cells, but were sensitized to pharmacological inhibition of the remaining PI3K isoforms. Surprisingly, the pro-survival neutrophil phenotype observed in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was resilient to inactivation of the PI3K pathway

Synthesis and Photodynamic Effect of New Highly Photostable Decacationically Armed [60]- and [70]Fullerene Decaiodide Monoadducts To Target Pathogenic Bacteria and Cancer Cells

Novel water-soluble decacationically armed C-60 and C-70 decaiodide monoadducts, C-60- and C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], were synthesized, characterized, and applied as photosensitizers and potential nano-PDT agents against pathogenic bacteria and cancer cells. A high number of cationic charges per fullerene cage and H-bonding moieties were designed for rapid binding to the anionic residues displayed on the outer parts of bacterial cell walls. In the presence of a high number of electron-donating iodide anions as parts of quaternary ammonium salts in the arm region, we found that C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)] produced more HO center dot than C-60[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], in addition to O-1(2). This finding offers an explanation of the preferential killing of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by C-60[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)] and C-70[>M(C3N6+C3)(2)], respectively. The hypothesis is that O-1(2) can diffuse more easily into porous cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria to reach sensitive sites, while the less permeable Gram-negative bacterial cell wall needs the more reactive HO center dot to cause real damage.National Institutes of Health (NIH) [1R01CA137108]National Institutes of Health (NIH