琉球諸島に生息する乾材シロアリ、スギオシロアリによる樹木被害と生態学的特徴

京都大学新制・論文博士博士(農学)乙第13409号論農博第2892号新制||農||1085(附属図書館)学位論文||R3||N5319(主査)教授 吉村 剛, 教授 藤井 義久, 教授 杉山 淳司学位規則第4条第2項該当Doctor of Agricultural ScienceKyoto UniversityDFA

The Unusual Neotenic System of the Asian Dry Wood Termite, Neotermes koshunensis (Isoptera: Kalotermitidae)

In most lower termites, colonies are headed by neotenic reproductives of both sexes after the primary reproductives (i.e., the queen and king) are lost. The production of a neotenic sexual is inhibited by the presence of a primary reproductive of the same sex. We found an exception in the caste system of the dry wood termite Neotermes koshunensis (Kalotermitidae). The neotenic caste is exclusively male. Moreover, production of male neotenics is completely inhibited not only by the presence of a king but also by the presence of a queen. Therefore, it is likely to be difficult for N. koshunensis colonies to recover their reproductive pairs

Male’s influence on the primary sex ratio bias in Ryukyu drywood termite

Selfish genetic elements (SGEs) increase their transmission efficiency relative to the rest of the individual genome, which is often deleterious to individual fitness. Theoretical studies have suggested that intragenomic conflict over the sex ratio distortion between SGEs and the rest of the genome should lead to the evolution of sex-determining systems. However, in insects, there are relatively few studies other than those on Dipterans, which makes it difficult to understand the role of SGEs in the evolution of insect sex determination. This is partially due to the difficulties in observing SGEs under field conditions. The effect of SGEs is often masked by the counter-evolution of the resistance genes. Interpopulation cross-breeding experiments are effective to detect the SGEs and their resistance genes. If these populations have different SGEs and resistance genes, cross-breeding experiments reveal their existence by collapsing the evolutionary antagonistic state. The Ryukyu drywood termites Neotermes sugioi, distributed in the Ryukyu Islands, show male-biased sex ratios in pseudergates, nymphs, alates and soldiers both in Okinawa and Ishigaki Islands, but different degrees of bias have been reported between the islands. Male-specific microsatellite alleles have been reported in this species, which allowed us to identify the sex of the eggs and young larvae. In this study, we used the microsatellite locus with male-specific alleles to investigate the primary sex ratio of field colonies on Okinawa and Ishigaki islands and the sex ratio of offspring obtained through cross-breeding experiments between the islands. The primary sex ratios of field colonies were male-biased in Okinawa but not in Ishigaki. Cross-breeding experiments showed that Okinawa males tend to have a male-biased sex ratio in their offspring, but Ishigaki males do not. This result is consistent with the hypothesis that the male bias in this species is caused by SGEs, even though termites are phylogenetically distant from Diptera. Accumulation of knowledge on genetic conflicts in a wide range of taxa might be an important step toward elucidating the mechanisms of diversification of sex determination systems in insects

Integrated genetic and clinical prognostic factors for aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma

成人T細胞白血病リンパ腫（ATL）におけるゲノム情報と臨床情報を統合したリスクモデルを確立 --ATLの個別化医療を推進--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-04-10.The prognosis of aggressive adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is poor, and allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative treatment. To identify favorable prognostic patients after intensive chemotherapy, and who therefore might not require upfront allo-HSCT, we aimed to improve risk stratification of aggressive ATL patients aged <70 years. The clinical risk factors and genetic mutations were incorporated into risk modeling for overall survival (OS). We generated the m7-ATLPI, a clinicogenetic risk model for OS, that included the ATL prognostic index (PI) (ATL-PI) risk category, and non-silent mutations in seven genes, namely TP53, IRF4, RHOA, PRKCB, CARD11, CCR7, and GATA3. In the training cohort of 99 patients, the m7-ATLPI identified a low-, intermediate-, and high-risk group with 2-year OS of 100%, 43%, and 19%, respectively (hazard ratio [HR] 5.46, p < 0.0001). The m7-ATLPI achieved superior risk stratification compared to the current ATL-PI (C-index 0.92 vs. 0.85, respectively). In the validation cohort of 84 patients, the m7-ATLPI defined low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups with a 2-year OS of 81%, 30%, and 0%, respectively (HR 2.33, p = 0.0094), and the model again outperformed the ATL-PI (C-index 0.72 vs. 0.70, respectively). The simplified m7-ATLPI, which is easier to use in clinical practice, achieved superior risk stratification compared to the ATL-PI, as did the original m7-ATLPI; the simplified version was calculated by summing the following: high-risk ATL-PI category (+10), low-risk ATL-PI category (−4), and non-silent mutations in TP53 (+4), IRF4 (+3), RHOA (+1), PRKCB (+1), CARD11 (+0.5), CCR7 (−2), and GATA3 (−3)

Business Improvement Aimed at Building“School as a Team” : From the Actual Case of the Curriculum Coordinator

チーム学校の構築に関わる際に参考となる，高等学校での取り組み事例について報告する。実践例１では，職員会議を円滑に進めるための「会議の効率化」に関する具体的な取り組み方法について，実践例２では，教職員間のコミュニケーション不足を解消し円滑な人間関係の構築を図るための「マグネットスペースの設置」について紹介する。両実践とも，教職員全体の対話による合意形成を重視し，取り組みの進展に伴って軌道修正を加えている。「チームとしての学校」を支えるために必要な合意形成の軌跡と環境整備について報告する

An Analysis of Perceptions of the SDGs for Project-Based Learning : A Case Study on a High School

SDGs（持続可能な開発目標）を課題とした探究的な学習に対する高等学校の教員や生徒の認識について調査を行い，探究活動の題材とするための留意点等について考察した。調査の結果，教員と生徒間のSDGsに対する認知度に大きな差があり，SDGsの17の目標に対する興味・関心の傾向についても違いが見られた。生徒は，社会における平等性や食料や衛生の確保など生活に関わる問題への興味・関心が高く，教員は，地球環境の保全に関する環境問題について興味・関心が高いことが明らかになった。そのため，探究的な学習課題としてSDGsをテーマにする際には，生徒と教師の興味・関心の傾向の違いについて留意する必要がある。また，探究的な学習を実施する際の懸念として，活動や成果物の「評価」や活動の「内容や方法」についての不安意見が多く見られたことから，探究活動の実施にあたっては，適切な評価方法や，効果的な教員の配置・活動時間の確保などの環境の整備や，探究活動を進めるための手立て等の情報提供等が必要であることが示唆された