Penggunaan Expectancy Theory dalam Upaya Mengukur Motivasi Kerja Karyawan di Pdam X

PDAM X selalu berusaha untuk meningkatkan motivasi kerja karyawan dalam mencapai tujuan Perusahaan. Hal ini dikarenakan penurunan motivasi kerja karyawan yang dapat diketahui dari ketidakhadiran karyawan sebesar 28,06%. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode Expectancy Theory. Metode Expectancy Theory digunakan untuk mengetahui tingkat motivasi kerja karyawan, dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor motivasi kerja karyawan. Hasil penelitian dengan menggunakan metode Expectancy Theory menunjukan bahwa karyawan yang bekerja pada motivasi rendah (46,67%), karyawan yang bekerja pada motivasi sedang (33,33%), sedangkan karyawan yang bekerja pada motivasi tinggi (20,00%). Faktor utama yang mempengaruhi motivasi kerja karyawan adalah gaji yang meningkat dengan total nilai motivasi 20,63. Saran bagi Perusahaan adalah menyediakan kotak saran agar para karyawan dapat menyampaikan keluhan mereka selama bekerja

Transesterification of sago starch and waste palm cooking oil in densified CO₂

In this work, the synthesis of biodegradable and yet renewable thermoplastics materials through a transesterification reaction of sago starch and waste palm cooking oil (WPO) in densified CO2 as the solvent is reported. The aim of this research is to investigate the potential used of sago starch and WPO as raw materials in the thermoplastics starch synthesis. The starch esters was successfully synthesized using sago starch and WPO as reagent in densified CO2 as shown from the presence of carbonyl group (C=O, 1743 cm-1) in the FT-IR spectra coupled with the presence of the proton (1H-NMR) of the fatty acid in the starch backbone (0.8 - 2 ppm). The product crystallinity decreases as shown in XRD results and resulting with a change in the thermal properties (melting and crystalline temperature) of the products. In addition, the products show a different granular morphology and a higher hydrophobicity compared with native sago starch. This research shows the potential used of sago starch and WPO in the thermoplastics starch synthesis and opens a new perspective on the product application

Synthesis of poly-(epsilon)-caprolactone grafted starch co-polymers by ring-opening polymerisation using silylated starch precursors

Poly-(epsilon)-caprolactone grafted corn starch co-polymers were synthesized using a hydrophobised silylated starch precursor. The silylation reaction was performed using hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS) as the reagent in DMSO at 70 °C. Silylated starch with a degree of substitution (DS) between 0.45 and 0.7 was obtained. epsilon-Caprolactone is grafted to silylated starch by a ring-opening polymerisation catalysed by Al(OiPr)3 in THF at 50 °C. The grafting efficiency varies between 28% and 58%, the remainder being homopolymers of ε-caprolactone. The DS of the polycaprolactone graft is between 0.21 and 0.72. The poly-(epsilon)-caprolactone side chains consist of 40-55 monomer units and is a function of the reagent intakes. Experiments with native starch under similar conditions do not result in the desired poly-(epsilon)-caprolactone grafted corn starch co-polymers and unreacted starch was recovered after work-up. Removal of the silyl groups of the poly-(epsilon)-caprolactone grafted starch co-polymers is possible using a mild acid treatment with diluted hydrochloric acid in THF at room temperature. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Proof of principle for the synthesis of hydroxy-aryl esters of glycosidic polyols and non-reducing oligosaccharides with subsequent enzymatic coupling to a tyrosine-containing tripeptide

To enable enzymatic coupling of saccharides to proteins, several di- and trisaccharides were hydroxy-arylated using anhydrous transesterification with methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate, catalyzed by potassium carbonate. This transesterification resulted in the attachment of up to 3 hydroxy-aryl units per oligosaccharide molecule, with the monosubstituted product being by far the most abundant. The alkaline reaction conditions, however, resulted in a partial breakdown of reducing sugars. This breakdown could easily be bypassed by a preceding sugar reduction step converting them to polyols. Hydroxy-arylated products were purified by using solid phase extraction, based on the number of hydroxy-aryl moieties attached. Monohydroxy-arylated saccharose was subsequently linked to a tyrosine-containing tripeptide using horseradish peroxidase, as monitored by LC-MSn. This proof of principle for peptide and protein glycation with a range of possible saccharides and glycosidic polyols can lead to products with unique new properties.

MANAJEMEN RISIKO

Manajemen risiko adalah suatu pendekatan terstruktur atau metodologi dalam mengelola ketidakpastian yang berkaitan dengan ancaman; suatu rangkaian aktivitas manusia termasuk: Penilaian risiko, pengembangan strategi untuk mengelolanya dan mitigasi risiko dengan menggunakan pemberdayaan/pengelolaan sumberdaya. Strategi yang dapat diambil antara lain adalah memindahkan risiko kepada pihak lain (transfer risk), menghindari risiko (avoid risk), mengurangi efek negatif risiko (mitigate risk), dan menampung sebagian atau semua konsekuensi risiko tertentu (accept risk). Manajemen risiko tradisional terfokus pada risiko-risiko yang timbul oleh penyebab fisik atau legal (seperti bencana alam atau kebakaran, kematian, serta tuntutan hukum. Manajemen risiko keuangan, di sisi lain, terfokus pada risiko yang dapat dikelola dengan menggunakan instrumen-instrumen keuangan. Sasaran dari pelaksanaan manajemen risiko adalah untuk mengurangi risiko yang berbeda-beda yang berkaitan dengan bidang yang telah dipilih pada tingkat yang dapat diterima oleh masyarakat. Hal ini dapat berupa berbagai jenis ancaman yang disebabkan oleh lingkungan, teknologi, manusia, organisasi dan politik. Di sisi lain pelaksanaan manajemen risiko melibatkan segala cara yang tersedia bagi manusia, khususnya, bagi entitas manajemen risiko (manusia, staff, dan organisasi)