The importance of socio-demographic indicators in regional disparities in turkey, 1990-1994

The aim of this study is to test the relative importance of the socio-demographic versus economic variables in discriminating the inter-regional differences in Turkey in 1990-94. Our findings show that the "socio-demographic" variables are much more significant than the "economic" variables. Among the socio-demographic variables, especially those variables related with the fertility and the size of household, and the female education such as the "female literacy ratio" and "female schooling ratio in high school", are the most effective variables rather than the economic variables, in the explanation of the differences between the regions in Turkey. Moreover, among the economic variables, the variables such as the "ratio of non-agricultural active population" are the more significant than the "GDP per capita" which is widely used as an ultimate indicator of socio-economic development. In this study, discriminant and factor analyses, and logistic regression are applied in total of five different methods. The tests are carried out for the seven regions of Turkey as defined by the State Institute of Statistics. Subsequently the analyses are repeated by combining these seven regions into three regions and two regions. Our above stated findings were always consistent in each of these tests. Our data sources are the various publications of State Institute of Statistics (SIS) and State Planning Organization (SPO). The regional data are the unweighted arithmetic mean of the respective provinces. Key words: Regional disparity, Socio-demographic variables, Economic variables, Discriminant anlysis, Logistic regression, and Factor analysis.

The importance of socio-demographic indicators in regional disparities in turkey, 1990-1994

The aim of this study is to test the relative importance of the socio-demographic versus economic variables in discriminating the inter-regional differences in Turkey in 1990-94. Our findings show that the "socio-demographic" variables are much more significant than the "economic" variables. Among the socio-demographic variables, especially those variables related with the fertility and the size of household, and the female education such as the "female literacy ratio" and "female schooling ratio in high school", are the most effective variables rather than the economic variables, in the explanation of the differences between the regions in Turkey. Moreover, among the economic variables, the variables such as the "ratio of non-agricultural active population" are the more significant than the "GDP per capita" which is widely used as an ultimate indicator of socio-economic development. In this study, discriminant and factor analyses, and logistic regression are applied in total of five different methods. The tests are carried out for the seven regions of Turkey as defined by the State Institute of Statistics. Subsequently the analyses are repeated by combining these seven regions into three regions and two regions. Our above stated findings were always consistent in each of these tests. Our data sources are the various publications of State Institute of Statistics (SIS) and State Planning Organization (SPO). The regional data are the unweighted arithmetic mean of the respective provinces. Key words: Regional disparity, Socio-demographic variables, Economic variables, Discriminant anlysis, Logistic regression, and Factor analysis

Design and implementation of robust embedded processor for cryptographic applications

Practical implementations of cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to side-channel analysis and fault attacks. Thus, some masking and fault detection algorithms must be incorporated into these implementations. These additions further increase the complexity of the cryptographic devices which already need to perform computationally-intensive operations. Therefore, the general-purpose processors are usually supported by coprocessors/hardware accelerators to protect as well as to accelerate cryptographic applications. Using a configurable processor is just another solution. This work designs and implements robust execution units as an extension to a configurable processor, which detect the data faults (adversarial or otherwise) while performing the arithmetic operations. Assuming a capable adversary who can injects faults to the cryptographic computation with high precision, a nonlinear error detection code with high error detection capability is used. The designed units are tightly integrated to the datapath of the configurable processor using its tool chain. For different configurations, we report the increase in the space and time complexities of the configurable processor. Also, we present performance evaluations of the software implementations using the robust execution units. Implementation results show that it is feasible to implement robust arithmetic units with relatively low overhead in an embedded processor

Clique-Relaxed Graph Coloring

We define a generalization of the chromatic number of a graph G called the k-clique-relaxed chromatic number, denoted χ(k)(G). We prove bounds on χ(k)(G) for all graphs G, including corollaries for outerplanar and planar graphs. We also define the k-clique-relaxed game chromatic number, χg(k)(G), of a graph G. We prove χg(2)(G)≤ 4 for all outerplanar graphs G, and give an example of an outerplanar graph H with χg(2)(H) ≥ 3. Finally, we prove that if H is a member of a particular subclass of outerplanar graphs, then χg(2)(H) ≤ 3

Development and evaluation of a novel contamination device that targets multiple life-stages of Aedes aegypti.

BACKGROUND: The increasing global threat of Dengue demands new and easily applicable vector control methods. Ovitraps provide a low-tech and inexpensive means to combat Dengue vectors. Here we describe the development and optimization process of a novel contamination device that targets multiple life-stages of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Special focus is directed to the diverse array of control agents deployed in this trap, covering adulticidal, larvicidal and autodissemination impacts. METHODS: Different trap prototypes and their parts are described, including a floater to contaminate alighting gravid mosquitoes. The attractiveness of the trap, different odor lures and floater design were studied using fluorescent powder adhering to mosquito legs and via choice tests. We demonstrate the mosquitocidal impacts of the control agents: a combination of the larvicide pyriproxyfen and the adulticidal fungus Beauveria bassiana. The impact of pyriproxyfen was determined in free-flight dissemination experiments. The effect on larval development inside the trap and in surrounding breeding sites was measured, as well as survival impacts on recaptured adults. RESULTS: The developmental process resulted in a design that consists of a black 3 Liter water-filled container with a ring-shaped floater supporting vertically placed gauze dusted with the control agents. On average, 90% of the mosquitoes in the fluorescence experiments made contact with the gauze on the floater. Studies on attractants indicated that a yeast-containing tablet was the most attractive odor lure. Furthermore, the fungus Beauveria bassiana was able to significantly increase mortality of the free-flying adults compared to controls. Dissemination of pyriproxyfen led to >90% larval mortality in alternative breeding sites and 100% larval mortality in the trap itself, against a control mortality of around 5%. CONCLUSION: This ovitrap is a promising new tool in the battle against Dengue. It has proven to be attractive to Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and effective in contaminating these with Beauveria bassiana. Furthermore, we show that the larvicide pyriproxyfen is successfully disseminated to breeding sites close to the trap. Its low production and operating costs enable large scale deployment in Dengue-affected locations

GPR-142 Optimization of Fixed Time in Round Robin Scheduling using Clustering Algorithms

This project introduces a method to optimize the fixed time in Round Robin scheduling using unsupervised clustering, specifically DBSCAN. Traditionally, fixed time is chosen arbitrarily, often leading to inefficiencies like increased waiting times and frequent context switches. Our approach leverages DBSCAN to identify clusters of processes based on arrival and burst times, as well as to detect outliers that may need unique fixed times. This adaptive, data-driven adjustment has demonstrated improved performance over traditional methods, reducing waiting time, minimizing context switches, and enhancing system throughput. Simulations confirmed the effectiveness of this approach, especially in datasets with outlier processes, where DBSCAN performed exceptionally well

Charge transport layers and passivation for improved efficiency and stability of n-i-p perovskite solar cells

Perovskite solar cells have become a promising photovoltaic technology for harvesting energy from the sun. However, despite their low-cost processing and high performance, a few issues remain for their wider application. One of the main concerns is their stability. Commercializable solar photovoltaic technologies must remain stable under constant illumination and high-temperature not only for a few days as they would be tested in a lab, but for several years. In particular, low-cost, dopant-free, and stable hole-transporting materials need to be found to replace Spiro-OMeTAD, due to its instability issues. Furthermore, better passivation strategies need to be discovered and employed. The primary aim of this project was to look for alternative charge-transfer materials to replace those typically used in a regular architecture solar cell device, and to make the perovskite absorber material more stable by additive engineering. To achieve this, various hole-conducting materials and passivation molecules were tested, and those which improved the film quality were further characterized and tested in devices for their performance and stability. The lessons learned from these studies led to the fabrication of a very stable solar cell architecture. Chapter 4 focuses on a pair of alternative hole-conductors that are dopant-free and low in cost. They were found to perform just as well as spiro-OMeTAD whilst being more stable. Chapter 5 discusses an often-overlooked additive approach of applying aromatic amines to passivate the perovskite absorber. Our average benzylamine-modified perovskite devices maintained 80% of their initial efficiency over 2,400 hours in a 65°C 1 sun aging test. Meanwhile, the average control devices without additives degraded to 45% of their initial efficiency. Chapter 6 investigates the potential of applying a fullerene-based self-assembling monolayer to stabilize the electron-transporting layer/perovskite interface. However, the results of the fullerene self-assembling monolayer-modified interface were less stable. Despite that, the reasons for their instability were investigated and a future research direction is proposed to improve them. The novel charge-transporting materials and bulk/interface modifications studied in this thesis are promising solutions for stabilizing the regular architecture of perovskite solar cells. Moreover, the investigation into why certain passivation methods work and others fail can help us design and select better materials and passivation methods for more durable solar cells

An evaluation of regulatory T cell populations in orally tolerized and antibiotic-treated mice

The goal of the present study was to evaluate alterations to regulatory T cell (Treg) populations following antibiotic treatment. To examine this, we orally treated mice with Erythromycin and dissected the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes. Tregs were isolated and enumerated by flow cytometry. Mice were then treated with OVA to induce oral tolerance, but tolerance could not be demonstrated. It was established that oral treatment with Erythromycin does not influence total CD4+ or Treg numbers.Department of BiologyThesis (M.A.

The PC-Tree algorithm, Kuratowski subdivisions, and the torus.

The PC-Tree algorithm of Shih and Hsu (1999) is a practical linear-time planarity algorithm that provides a plane embedding of the given graph if it is planar and a Kuratowski subdivision otherwise. Remarkably, there is no known linear-time algorithm for embedding graphs on the torus. We extend the PC-Tree algorithm to a practical, linear-time toroidality test for K3;3-free graphs called the PCK-Tree algorithm. We also prove that it is NP-complete to decide whether the edges of a graph can be covered with two Kuratowski subdivisions. This greatly reduces the possibility of a polynomial-time toroidality testing algorithm based solely on edge-coverings by subdivisions of Kuratowski subgraphs