Socio-cultural influences on the behaviour of South Asian women with diabetes in pregnancy: qualitative study using a multi-level theoretical approach

BACKGROUND: Diabetes in pregnancy is common in South Asians, especially those from low-income backgrounds, and leads to short-term morbidity and longer-term metabolic programming in mother and offspring. We sought to understand the multiple influences on behaviour (hence risks to metabolic health) of South Asian mothers and their unborn child, theorise how these influences interact and build over time, and inform the design of culturally congruent, multi-level interventions. METHODS: Our sample for this qualitative study was 45 women of Bangladeshi, Indian, Sri Lankan, or Pakistani origin aged 21-45 years with a history of diabetes in pregnancy, recruited from diabetes and antenatal services in two deprived London boroughs. Overall, 17 women shared their experiences of diabetes, pregnancy, and health services in group discussions and 28 women gave individual narrative interviews, facilitated by multilingual researchers, audiotaped, translated, and transcribed. Data were analysed using the constant comparative method, drawing on sociological and narrative theories. RESULTS: Key storylines (over-arching narratives) recurred across all ethnic groups studied. Short-term storylines depicted the experience of diabetic pregnancy as stressful, difficult to control, and associated with negative symptoms, especially tiredness. Taking exercise and restricting diet often worsened these symptoms and conflicted with advice from relatives and peers. Many women believed that exercise in pregnancy would damage the fetus and drain the mother's strength, and that eating would be strength-giving for mother and fetus. These short-term storylines were nested within medium-term storylines about family life, especially the cultural, practical, and material constraints of the traditional South Asian wife and mother role and past experiences of illness and healthcare, and within longer-term storylines about genetic, cultural, and material heritage - including migration, acculturation, and family memories of food insecurity. While peer advice was familiar, meaningful, and morally resonant, health education advice from clinicians was usually unfamiliar and devoid of cultural meaning. CONCLUSIONS: 'Behaviour change' interventions aimed at preventing and managing diabetes in South Asian women before and during pregnancy are likely to be ineffective if delivered in a socio-cultural vacuum. Individual education should be supplemented with community-level interventions to address the socio-material constraints and cultural frames within which behavioural 'choices' are made

Allergen specificity of early peanut consumption and effect on development of allergic disease in the Learning Early About Peanut Allergy study cohort

BACKGROUND: Early introduction of dietary peanut in high-risk infants with severe eczema, egg allergy, or both prevented peanut allergy at 5 years of age in the Learning Early About Peanut Allergy (LEAP) study. The protective effect persisted after 12 months of avoiding peanuts in the 12-month extension of the LEAP study (LEAP-On). It is unclear whether this benefit is allergen and allergic disease specific. Objective: We sought to assess the effect of early introduction of peanut on the development of allergic disease, food sensitization, and aeroallergen sensitization. METHODS: Asthma, eczema, and rhinoconjunctivitis were diagnosed based on clinical assessment. Reported allergic reactions and consumption of tree nuts and sesame were recorded by questionnaire. Sensitization to food allergens and aeroallergens was determined by means of skin prick testing and specific IgE measurement. RESULTS: A high and increasing burden of food allergen and aeroallergen sensitization and allergic disease was noted across study time points; 76% of LEAP participants had at least 1 allergic disease at 60 months of age. There were no differences in allergic disease between LEAP groups. There were small differences in sensitization and reported allergic reactions for select tree nuts, with levels being higher in the LEAP consumption group. Significant resolution of eczema and sensitization to egg and milk occurred in LEAP participants and was not affected by peanut consumption. CONCLUSION: Early consumption of peanut in infants at high risk of peanut allergy is allergen specific and does not prevent the development of other allergic disease, sensitization to other food allergens and aeroallergens, or reported allergic reactions to tree nuts and sesame. Furthermore, peanut consumption does not hasten the resolution of eczema or egg allergy

Efficacy of the Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study among infants at high risk of developing food allergy.

BACKGROUND: The Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study was a randomized trial of the early introduction of allergenic solids into the infant diet from 3 months of age. The intervention effect did not reach statistical significance in the intention-to-treat analysis of the primary outcome. OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine whether infants at high risk of developing a food allergy benefited from early introduction. METHODS: A secondary intention-to-treat analysis was performed of 3 groups: nonwhite infants; infants with visible eczema at enrollment, with severity determined by SCORAD; and infants with enrollment food sensitization (specific IgE ≥0.1 kU/L). RESULTS: Among infants with sensitization to 1 or more foods at enrollment (≥0.1 kU/L), early introduction group (EIG) infants developed significantly less food allergy to 1 or more foods than standard introduction group (SIG) infants (SIG, 34.2%; EIG, 19.2%; P = .03), and among infants with sensitization to egg at enrollment, EIG infants developed less egg allergy (SIG, 48.6%; EIG, 20.0%; P = .01). Similarly, among infants with moderate SCORAD (15-<40) at enrollment, EIG infants developed significantly less food allergy to 1 or more foods (SIG, 46.7%; EIG, 22.6%; P = .048) and less egg allergy (SIG, 43.3%; EIG, 16.1%; P = .02). CONCLUSION: Early introduction was effective in preventing the development of food allergy in specific groups of infants at high risk of developing food allergy: those sensitized to egg or to any food at enrollment and those with eczema of increasing severity at enrollment. This efficacy occurred despite low adherence to the early introduction regimen. This has significant implications for the new national infant feeding recommendations that are emerging around the world

Merdeka Belajar Merdeka Mengajar

Kebijakan pemerintah “Merdeka Belajar, Kampus Merdeka” tentu menimbulkan respon tersendiri bagi para dosen selaku akademisi bagaimana menyikapi, merencanakan, menyusun dan mengimplementasikan sistem dan model belajar yang paling sesuai dengan kebijakan tersebut. Dan di buku Antologi inilah akan dijumpai berbagai pandangan, pemikiran, dan juga mungkin gambaran usulan untuk mengimplementasikan kebijakan MBKM di era informasi teknologi yang sangat cepat berubah dewasa ini. Sebagai pendidik profesional, para dosen tentu memiliki kiat dan cara tersendiri untuk bisa menghasilkan output lulusan peserta didik yang benar-benar sesuai dengan tujuan dan target kebijakan MBKM tersebu

Critical Currents, Magnetization and Microwave Absorption of (Tl 0.5

The bulk ($Tl_{0.5}Pb_{0.5})Sr_2(Ca_{1 - x}Gd_{x})Cu_2O_{z}$ superconductors with x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 have unique and very interesting magnetic and electrical properties. In this paper we focused our attention on the superconductor with gadolinium content x = 0.2. We measured the magnetic field dependences of the transport critical currents, the microwave absorption as well as the magnetization for different temperatures. The critical temperature of this sample is $T_c$ = 105.3 ± 0.2 K and the transition width Δ T_{90% - 10%} = 3.6 ± 0.2 K. The critical current of this superconductor is $J_c$ = 1 820 ± 10 A/$cm^2$ at 77 K. The data were analyzed within the frame of the Bean and Kim models as well as the percolation model

Kim-Type Critical State Models and Critical Currents of Thallium Based Superconductors

The two extended formulae in the power form of the Kim critical state model were used to fit the critical currents versus the dc applied magnetic field. Two samples of thallium based superconductors: the $(Tl_{0.6}Pb_{0.24}Bi_{0.16})$$(Sr_{0.9}Ba_{0.1})_2Ca_2Cu_3O_y$ film on single-crystalline lanthanum aluminate and the bulk $(Tl_{0.5}Pb_{0.5})Sr_2(Ca_{1.8}Gd_{0.2})Cu_2O_y$ were chosen to test the models. The formulae were compared to the percolation model described by the exponential expression. The first model fits the experimental data better for the thallium based film whereas the second approach is better for the thallium based bulk sample

Critical Currents, Magnetization and Microwave Absorption of (Tl0.5Pb0.5)Sr2(Ca0.8Gd0.2)Cu2Oz(Tl_{0.5}Pb_{0.5})Sr_2(Ca_{0.8}Gd_{0.2})Cu_2O_{z} Superconductor

The bulk ($Tl_{0.5}Pb_{0.5})Sr_2(Ca_{1 - x}Gd_{x})Cu_2O_{z}$ superconductors with x = 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 have unique and very interesting magnetic and electrical properties. In this paper we focused our attention on the superconductor with gadolinium content x = 0.2. We measured the magnetic field dependences of the transport critical currents, the microwave absorption as well as the magnetization for different temperatures. The critical temperature of this sample is $T_c$ = 105.3 ± 0.2 K and the transition width Δ T_{90% - 10%} = 3.6 ± 0.2 K. The critical current of this superconductor is $J_c$ = 1 820 ± 10 A/$cm^2$ at 77 K. The data were analyzed within the frame of the Bean and Kim models as well as the percolation model

GRIDS-SCF: An infrastructure for distributed supply chain simulation

10.1177/0037549702078005553Simulation785 SPEC.312-320SIMU

Using Side-Scan Sonar Instrument to Characterize and Map of Seabed Identification Target in Punggur Sea of the Riau Islands, Indonesia.

Punggur sea has many habitats, object, and structured of seabed with hight tide and wave. Side scan sonar is an underwater acoustic instrument for identification of seabed. This research aims to classify types of seabed and measure seabed identification into the sea water with grain size (dB), location, altitude (m) and target using side scan sonar instrument. This research also uses one types of side scan sonar in one places with 3 line of collecting data to get more variant seabed. Side scan sonar data of 20 km of side-scan sonar profiling (CM2, C-MAX Ltd, UK) with altitude max 20 m and a working acoustic frequency of 325 kHz with the zone is taken in the punggur sea (104°08.7102 E, 1°03.2448 N until 1°03.3977N 104°08.8133 E). The data side scan sonar processed using max view software to display the image of the seabed. Results of seabed imagery in the punggur sea on track 1 have Objects found on the ship coordinates 03.3101N 1 ° and 104 ° 08.7362 E with the highest gain value is 6 dB, altitude 18 m on ping 75. Linear regression has y = 0.7016x+12.952 with R2 = 0.4125 (41%). Track 2 has target 1 is the sunken object on the seabed, while objects in the form of sand can be seen clearly. Objects found on the sunken object coordinates 1°02.8143 N ° and 104°08.5228 E with highest gain value is 9 dB with altitude 17.7 m and data ping 69. Linear regression has y = 0.2093+12.577 with R2 = 0.2093 (20%). Track 3 has Target 1 is the ship object on the seabed, while objects in the form of sand can be seen clearly. Objects found on the sunken object coordinates 1°02.5817 N and 104°08.7337 E with the highest gain value is 8 dB with altitude 16.5 m and data ping 3984. Linear regression has y = 0.5106x +12.84 with R2 = 0.5106 (51%). Track 1 has many targets identification results compared Track 2 and 3