38 research outputs found
Hydrogels Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone Copolymers
The role of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) complex formation with water-soluble 2-hydroxyalkyl methacrylates is described. The impact of the complexation on both the polymerization kinetics and the formation of a copolymer structure initiated by radical initiators has been studied. The activating effect of iron(II) and iron(III) sulfates has been revealed for the initiator-free polymerization of the formulation. An analytical approach to determining the molecular weight of the chain fragments located between two neighboring cross-linking nodes in the polymer network (Mn) has been developed depending on the values of the stability constant (Πst) for the charge-transfer complexes. The basic regularities of hydrogels obtaining based on PVP copolymers with high sorption capacity and diffusion characteristics are presented. The main directions of practical application of synthesized hydrogels are considered
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ 2-Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΉΠΎΠ½ΡΠ² Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ
The kinetics of heat release during the processes of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) polymerization in the presence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and the copolymerization of HEMA with PVP with simultaneous reduction of Ni2+ has been investigated. Nickel sulphate/sodium hypophosphite redox system in alkaline medium was used for Ni2+ reduction. The kinetic regularities of polymerization have been evaluated by thermometric method. The temperature change of the reaction medium during polymerization has been investigated by means of developed equipment, based on the reactor with properties like adiabatic one. The characteristic parameters that correspond to the time of gel formation, the time of exothermic maximum temperature reach, the range of gel effect and maximum temperature of the exotherm are identified on the obtained thermometric curves. It is determined that in the case of HEMA/PVP compositions, polymerization in the presence of benzoyl peroxide occurs with high rate already at 50 Β°C. The time of the gel effect start and maximum exothermic temperature mainly depend on the initial composition formula, solvent content, initial polymerization temperature, and also the simultaneous reduction of Ni2+ in the polymerization process. The presence of even a small content of oxidizing agent and reducing agent causes an increase of the time of gel formation start, time of maximum exothermic temperature reach and a decrease of the maximum exothermic temperature. It is determined that use of benzoyl peroxide in combination with iron (II) sulfate for initiating of HEMA copolymerization with PVP enables the process to be performed at room temperature and with a maximum exothermic temperature, which provides chemical reduction of Ni2+. The time and temperature parameters of polymerization determined in the work, as well as the main factors on which these parameters depend, will provide an opportunity to substantiate the technological parameters of metal-filled HEMA/PVP copolymers obtaining.ΠΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π° ΠΏΡΠ΄ ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ 2-Π³ΡΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΡΡ (ΠΠΠΠ) ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½Ρ (ΠΠΠ), ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΉΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡΠ»Ρ Π· ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Ni2+. ΠΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Ni2+ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π½ΡΠΊΠ΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π³ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ Π»ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ² ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Ρ Π²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡ, Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ° Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ β ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡ Π³Π΅Π»Π΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ, ΡΠ°Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ³Π½Π΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ Π³Π΅Π»Ρ-Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Ρ Π²ΠΈΠΏΠ°Π΄ΠΊΡ ΠΠΠΠ/ΠΠΠ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π±ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· Π²ΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΡ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΡΡΡΡ Π²ΠΆΠ΅ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ 50Β°Π‘. ΠΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ Π· ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π»ΡΠ·Π° (ΠΠ) ΡΠ° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠ΄Ρ Π±Π΅Π½Π·ΠΎΡΠ»Ρ, Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π΄ΡΠΉΡΠ½ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΠΠΠ/ΠΠΠ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΊΡΠΌΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ° Π· ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΎΡ Π΅ΠΊΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°Π±Π΅Π·ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Ρ. ΠΠΈΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, Π΄ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΠΉΠ½Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΡΡΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΎΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ³Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ Ni2+
Obtaining Peculiarities and Properties of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Copolymers with Hydrophobic Vinyl Monomers
Structure Controlled Formation and Properties of Highly Hydrophilic Membranes Based on Polyvinylpyrrolidone Copolymers
Influence of the Molecular Weight of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on the Physicomechanical Properties of Composite Polyamide Hydrogel Membranes
Investigation of Composite Materials based on Modified Novolac Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Effect of magnetic field on the structure formation and properties of hydroxyethylmethacrylate / polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymers
The effect of a permanent magnetic field on the polymerization kinetics and structural parameters of a hydrogel network on the basis of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate with polyvinylpyrrolidone compositions has been investigated. It has been shown that the magnetic field activates matrix polymerization of mentioned compositions and assists in the structure formation of copolymers with a smaller crosslink density. The efficiency of the developed polymeric materials for production of ultrathin contact lenses "Glipox" has been confirmed
Ammonia-free, Low-toxic Press-materials with Improved Electroinsulating Properties Based on Modified Novolak Phenol-formaldehyde Resin
Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄Ρ
We established in the present work the regularities for obtaining homogeneous nanocomposites based on the mixture of PP/PA-6 with montmorillonite modified using PVP. In these nanocomposites, PA-6 and MMT contribute to the increase in thermal resistance of the material, while PVP improves compatibility between polar PA-6 and hydrophobic PP.The goal of the present work was to investigate by applying the methods of thermogravimetric analysis a correlation between thermal characteristics of the newly-created nanocomposites based on the mixture of PE/PA-6 with montmorillonite, modified using PVP, and to determine the optimal composition of a nanocomposite with enhanced thermal resistance and a wide temperature interval of the viscous-fluid state.On the basis of experimental data, it was found that the mixtures of polypropylene with polyamide modified by the montmorillonite-polyvinylpyrrolidone mixture are distinguished by the higher thermal resistance compared with the starting PP. It is established that at a content of the modified polyamide in the mixtures with polypropylene within 30 % by weight, samples of the composite are characterized by the highest thermal resistance β weight loss of such composites in a temperature range of 218β322 ΒΊC is only 7.1 %, temperature of the onset of thermo-oxidation destruction is 300 ΒΊC. It is shown that the developed nanocomposites have wider temperature intervals of the viscous-fluid state β 126β300 ΒΊC. This makes it possible, by changing the modes of processing, to influence the structure and properties of products, especially taking into account the difference in crystallization of the material depending on the conditions and the method of processing. It is established that the most suitable for application and processing is the mixture of polypropylene with modified polyamide in the ratio 70:30 % by weight, respectivelyΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½Π° Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠ»ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ°ΠΌΠΈΠ΄Π° Π² ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠΈΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
30 % ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ° Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ²ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ° Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΉΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ Π· ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΡ-ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ²ΡΠ½ΡΠ»ΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΄Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΄Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΠΎ Π·Π° Π²ΠΌΡΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠ΄Ρ Π² ΡΡΠΌΡΡΠ°Ρ
Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ
30 % ΠΌΠ°Ρ. Π·ΡΠ°Π·ΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΠΉΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΠΉΠΊΡΡΡ