GAGASAN H. ABDUL MALIK KARIM AMRULLAH (BUYA HAMKA) TENTANG HUBUNGAN AGAMA DAN NEGARA TAHUN 1927-1981

Kebanyakan para toko berpendapat bahwa Agama dan negara itu adalah sesuatu yang terpisah, salah satunya adalah pandangan kaum sekuler memisahkan dan membedakan antara agama dan negara. Dalam paham ini, tidak ada hubungan antara sistim kenegaraan dengan agama. Negara adalah urusan hubungan manusia dengan manusia lain, atau urusan dunia. Sedangkan agama adalah hubungan manusia dengan Tuhan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana gagasan agama dan negara menurut Buya Hamka, dan bagaimana hubungan agama dan negara serta pendapat para tokoh lain tentang gagasan agama dan negara. Peneliti menggunakan kaidah metode penelitian sejarah, yang terdiri dari 4 tahapan yaitu, pengumpulan sumber (Heuristik), kemudian sumber data yang didapat dilakukan kritik sumber (Verifikasi), setelah itu dilakukan analisis mendalam (Intepretasi), yang terakhir tahapan penulisan terkait penelitian ini (Historiografi). Dari hasil penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa, Agama dan negara adalah kedua hal dengan identitas yang berbeda antara satu sama lain. Layaknya hubungan yang saling membutuhkan, Buya hamka berpendapat hubungan antara Agama dan negara sangatlah relevan dalam menumbuhkan kemaslahatan. Pemahaman hubungan yang simbiosis akan melahirkan pemikiran kebangsaan religius serta menolak konsep sekularisasi dalam membangun sebuah bangsa. Serta Buya Hamka berpedoman khusus dalam tafsirnya, yaitu agama dan politik merupakan satu kesatuan yang tidak dapat terpisahkan. Jadi perbuatan apa pun yang dilakukan oleh manusia itu tidak boleh lari dari agama

ANTIHYPERURICEMIA SCREENING OF Mimosa pudica L. HERB EXTRACT THROUGH ITS ANALGESICS AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY ASSAY

Traditionally, herbs of Mimosa pudica L. are being usedto treat insomnia, hematuria, inflammation, emesis,dismenorrhoea, menorrhagia, arthritis rhematoid, convultion,depresion, and diabetes. Previous in vitro studyshowed that herbs extract of Mimosa pudica L inhibiteduric acid formation via xanthine oxidase inhibition of82.11 and 62.10% for concentration of 125 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. Hyperuricemia is indicated by pain andoedema which are the symptoms of inflammation. This invivo study was perfor-med to screen antihyperuricemiaactivity of herbs extract of Mimosa pudica L throughanalgesic and antiinflammatory assays on mice.Analgesic activity of Mimosa pudica L herb extract atdosage of 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight wasobserved on mice using writhing reflex method withacetic acid 0,07 % as inducer. The results showed thatall three dosages inhibited pain at the percentage of9.58, 45.35, and 60.28% respectively. Antiinflammatoryactivity assay was done using carageenan-induced pawedema method on white male rats. Dosages used were250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of body weight. The resultsshowed that all three dosages inhibited edema at thepercentages of 35.20, 42.74, and 51.10% respectively. It isconcluded that herbs extract of Mimosa pudica L can beproposed as an antihyperuricemia.Keywords: Antihyperuricemia, Analgesic, Anti-inflammatory,Mimosa pudica L

A REVIEW ON POLOXAMER AND HYDROXY PROPYL METHYL CELLULOSE COMBINATION AS THERMORESPONSIVE POLYMERS IN NOVEL OPHTHALMIC IN SITU GEL FORMULATION AND THEIR CHARACTERIZATION

Poor bioavailability is one of the most significant problems in the delivery of the ocular drug system. Ophthalmic ointments, solutions and suspensions are the most frequently used dosage forms to treat ocular disease, and their effectiveness as a drug are compromised by several limitations that lead to poor ocular bioavailability. In situ gel is one of the most promising strategy and solutions to improve the ocular bioavailability of drugs. The purpose of this review is to discuss the formulation and characterization of in situ gel. This review is written based on the data or information obtained by using several search engines and several scientific journals, focused on Poloxamer 407 and Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) bases combination. Active ingredients to treat ocular disease such as Ciprofloxacin, Fluconazole and Ofloxacin can be formulated with the combination of Poloxamer 407 as polymer gelling agent and HPMC as viscosity enhancer to produce good quality in situ gel dosage forms. The in situ gel dosage forms can be a promising alternate solution for the ophthalmic delivery system

Rhinacanthus nasutus Extracts Prevent Glutamate and Amyloid-β Neurotoxicity in HT-22 Mouse Hippocampal Cells: Possible Active Compounds Include Lupeol, Stigmasterol and β-Sitosterol

The Herb Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, which is native to Thailand and Southeast Asia, has become known for its antioxidant properties. Neuronal loss in a number of diseases including Alzheimer’s disease is thought to result, in part, from oxidative stress. Glutamate causes cell death in the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT-22, by unbalancing redox homeostasis, brought about by a reduction in glutathione levels, and amyloid-β has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Here in, we show that ethanol extracts of R. nasutus leaf and root are capable of dose dependently attenuating the neuron cell death caused by both glutamate and amyloid-β treatment. We used free radical scavenging assays to measure the extracts antioxidant activities and as well as quantifying phenolic, flavonoid and sterol content. Molecules found in R. nasutus, lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol are protective against glutamate toxicity

IN SITU OPTHALMIC GEL WITH ION ACTIVATED SYSTEM

In situ gel with ion activated system which occurs as triggered by a change in the ionic strength. Osmotic gradient is a factor that determines the rate of gelation on the surface of the gel. Polymers play an important role in drug delivery from their dosage forms. Polymeric in gelling systems provides longer drug release compared to conventional delivery systems. The use of biodegradable and biocompatible polymers for in situ gel formulation makes the drug delivery system acceptable and controlled. Thus the continuous and prolonged release of the drug, biocompatibility characteristics makes the dose gel form in situ reliable. Polymers that are used in ion activated in situ gelation can be various, such as gelrite gellan gum, alginates, deacetylated gellan gum, anionic polymers (carbopol), cationic polymer (chitosan), non-ionic polymers (HPMC, Methylcellulose), thiolated polymer (thiomers), carbomer (polymer used in ophthalmic), polycarbophil (polymer used in ophthalmic). This review is written based on the data or information obtained by using several search engines and several scientific journals, using the keywords in situ gel with polymers, ion activated the system, and limited search years in 2010 and above

A STUDY TO PREDICT ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF EUGENOL, MYRISTICIN, AND LIMONENE OF CINNAMOMUM SINTOC

Objective: In this work we predicted anti-inflammatory activity of volatile oil of C. sintoc L.Methods: Molecular docking was performed to predict the binding modes of eugenol, myristicin, and limonene chemical constituents of C. sintoc L. with COX enzymes, using Auto Dock 4.2. COX enzymes were obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB); COX-1 (PDB code: 2AYL) and COX-2 (PDB code: 3PGH). Flurbiprofen and celecoxib were used as standards. Further assay was carried out on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced fibroblast cells reacted with 800; 400; 200; 100; 50; 25 and 12.5 ul of C. sintoc L. bark essential oils. The absorbance of the product was measured using microplate reader at 450 nm. Acetosal was used as the standard drug.Results: Eugenol and myristicin could be categorized as non-selective inhibitors of COX-2, while limonene is categorized as preferential COX-2 inhibitor. The essential oils of C. sintoc L. bark reduced PGE2 production on LPS-induced fibroblast cells. The inhibitory activity of C. sintoc L. was weaker than acetosal.Conclusion: Bioactive compounds in essential oil of C. sintoc L. bark show inhibition on PGE2 production on LPS-induced human fibroblast cells, and could be categorized as COX inhibitors.Â

An Isoflovonoid, Warangalone from the Stem Bark of Dadap Ayam (Erythrina variegata)

In the course of our continuing search for novel paralytic compound from Indonesian plants, the methanol extract of the stem bark of Erythrina variegata (Leguminosae) showed significant paralytic activity against the third instar larvae of silkworm (Bombyx mori). The purposes of this research were isolation and structural elucidation of paralytic compound from the stem bark of E. variegata. Using the paralytic activity following the separation, the methanol extract was separated by combination of column chromatography to yield prenylisoflavone, warangalone. The chemical structure of warangalone was identified based on spectroscopic evidence and comparison with the previous reported. The paralytic activity of warangalone showed weak activity against the third instar larvae of silkworm (B. mori)

A COMPREHENSIVE CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF IN SITU OPHTHALMIC GEL

In situ ophthalmic gel is a gel preparation that is initially in the form of ophthalmic solution that dripped into the eye and then the solution turns into a gel after contact with the surface of the eye. In situ gel will undergo phase change to gel due to pH, electrolyte and temperature conditions. So that the preparation of ophthalmic in situ gel is required characterization to make sure that the prepared preparations meet the standards and are safe when used. Chemical evaluation includes pH, concentration, chemical bonds, crystallization and drug and polymer interactions. The purpose of this review is to discuss the evaluation methods used in preparations, and to see whether the pH of in situ ophthalmic gel formulation that provided can met the ideal pH requirements of the eye, so that the ophthalmic in situ gel preparation would not causing irritation and liquid tear production