BLOOM: A 176B-Parameter Open-Access Multilingual Language Model

Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to perform new tasks based on a few demonstrations or natural language instructions. While these capabilities have led to widespread adoption, most LLMs are developed by resource-rich organizations and are frequently kept from the public. As a step towards democratizing this powerful technology, we present BLOOM, a 176B-parameter open-access language model designed and built thanks to a collaboration of hundreds of researchers. BLOOM is a decoder-only Transformer language model that was trained on the ROOTS corpus, a dataset comprising hundreds of sources in 46 natural and 13 programming languages (59 in total). We find that BLOOM achieves competitive performance on a wide variety of benchmarks, with stronger results after undergoing multitask prompted finetuning. To facilitate future research and applications using LLMs, we publicly release our models and code under the Responsible AI License

Solubility of Vitamin D₃ in Six Organic Solvents at Temperatures from (248.2 to 273.2) K

The solubility of Vitamin D₃ in methanol, ethanenitrile, ethyl ethanoate, ethanol, propan-2-one, and propan-1-ol was measured in the temperature range from (248.2 to 273.2) K by the static equilibrium method. The results revealed that the solubility of Vitamin D₃ in solvents was observed to decrease in the order of propan-1-ol > ethanol > ethyl ethanoate > propan-2-one > methanol > ethanenitrile. The minimum mole fraction solubility of 7.61·10^–5 was obtained in ethanenitrile at 248.2 K, while the maximum mole fraction solubility up to 0.193 was obtained in propan-1-ol at 273.2 K. Moreover, the solubility data were correlated with the simplified thermodynamic equation and the modified Apelblat equation, and the calculated solubility for all solvents above was in good agreement with the experimental data in the temperature range of interest

Content distribution based on joint V2I and V2V scheduling in mmWave vehicular networks

Abstract With the explosive growth of vehicle applications, vehicular networks based on millimeter wave (mmWave) bands have attracted interests from both academia and industry. mmWave communications are able to utilize the huge available bandwidth to provide multiple Gbps transmission rates among vehicles. In this paper, we address the content distribution scheduling problem in mmWave vehicular networks. It has been challenging for all vehicles in the same network to complete content downloading due to the limited communication resources of roadside units (RSUs) and the high mobility of vehicles. We propose a joint vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) scheduling scheme to minimize the total number of content distribution time slots from a global optimization perspective. In the V2I phase, the RSU serially transmits integrity content to vehicles, which are selected according to the vehicular network topology and transmission scheduling scheme. In the V2V phase, full-duplex communications and concurrent transmissions are exploited to achieve content sharing between vehicles and improve transmission efficiency. Performance evaluations demonstrate that our proposed scheme reduces the number of time slots and significantly improves system throughput when compared with other schemes, especially under large-size file transfers and a large number of vehicles

The complete chloroplast genome of Alsophila latebrosa, a common and widespread tree fern (Cyatheaceae)

Alsophila latebrosa is a common and widespread tree fern of Cyatheaceae. Its complete chloroplast genome is first assembled and reported with 155,724 bp in length, including a large single copy (LSC) region of 85,800 bp, a small single copy (SSC) region of 21,620 bp, and a pair of inverted repeats (IRs) of 24,152 bp. The genome has 133 genes, including 89 protein-coding genes, 33 tRNA genes, eight rRNA genes and three pseudogenes. Maximum likelihood approach was employed to construct the phylogenetic relationship among ten ferns including A. latebrosa. The result showed that A. latebrosa was most related to A. costularis as a sister group with 100% bootstrap support. The complete chloroplast genome sequences of A. latebrosa will provide valuable genomic information to further illuminate phylogenetic classification of Cyatheacea

Effect of the Ionic Liquid 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate on the Properties of Water + Triton X-100 + Hexanol + Cyclohexane Microemulsions

A study was carried out concerning the effects of an ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (bmimBF₄) on the properties of nonionic surfactant-based H₂O + Triton X-100 (TX-100) + hexanol + cyclohexane microemulsions. Several properties of microemulsions, such as polarity, conductivity, viscosity, and droplet size, were investigated with the mass ratio of TX-100/hexanol/cyclohexane = 3:2:7. With the addition of IL, the polarity of the microemulsions increases. Conductivity results reveal that the onset water content of electrical percolation decreases with the presence of IL and continues to decrease as the amount of IL increases. The viscosity of microemulsions increases with the increasing amount of IL. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements indicate that the droplet sizes of microemulsions increase with the addition of IL. All results presented in this study suggest that the IL is solubilized into the polar core of microemulsions

Joint design of phase shift and transceiver beamforming for intelligent reflecting surface assisted millimeter-wave high-speed railway communications

Abstract With the emerging demands of new communication services, the contradiction between capacity demand and spectrum shortage of railway communication systems becomes more severe. How to provide broadband communication services has become the key goal of future smart high-speed railway (HSR) systems. Millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency band has abundant spectrum resources and can provide communication services with large bandwidth. However, due to the high-speed of the train as well as the complexity and dynamics of environments, the communication link may be blocked randomly for a short time and will also lead to frequent handovers. In this paper, we adopt the promising intelligent reflecting surface (IRS) technology for a mm-wave HSR communication system. In order to improve system capacity, IRS is deployed to improve reflection transmission links, and optimization algorithms are designed for transceiver beamforming and IRS phase shift. In addition, given the specificity of the HSR scenario, we also formulate the average system ergodic capacity maximization problem and obtain upper bound on the average system ergodic capacity with statistical channel state information (CSI). Through extensive simulations, we verify that the proposed scheme performs significantly better than the other two baseline schemes in terms of average system throughput and average system ergodic capacity