Justice independence: foreign constitutional experiences

This article presents the results of a comparative legal study investigating the norms of constitution in CIS countries, Europe and America about formalizing the principle of justice independenc

Constitutionalization of assistance in foreign countries

Legal profession in Russia has taken a category of assistance from constitutional level on a large scale and in different aspects. Significant improvement in characteristics of legal phenomena is a comparative jurisprudence method, and so, there is no exception to the assistance that has been declared in the species diversity of constitutional norms. In this study, commonality of historical development stage was a basis for separation of focus group from Commonwealth countries of Independent States (CIS) constitution

Typical constitutional forms of interaction between the foreign parliament chambers

The article presents the author's analysis of the constitutional acts of European states with a bicameral parliament with a view to fixing some typical forms of interaction between the parliament chambers in the

Development of mediation in Russia: extrapolation of foreign experience

The article analyzes the development of mediation in Russia based on foreign experience. The Institute of mediation has passed a long way of development before it was established on a legislative basis and is still far from perfect. Many problems prevent the effective use of mediation. This institution cannot fully carry out the tasks assigned to it. Mediation has great potential to become a real alternative and at the same time effective way of resolving disputes in Russia, which is proved by examples of legislation in other countries and the practice of its applicatio

Біопротекторна дія цинку в макро- і наноаквахелатній формі на ембріогенез щурів за умови свинцевої інтоксикації

The article presents results of studied influence of low doses of lead and zinc (nanozinc) on embryonal development in a la­boratory experiment on rats.  Negative influence of lead on pregnancy of laboratory animals, manifested in violation of the physiological dynamics of the rectal temperature and decrease in body weight gain was revealed. Embryotoxic ef­fect of low doses of lead results in increased fetal mortality by 2.16 times compared to the control group of animals, de­terioration of the morphometric indices of fetuses, violation of placentogenesis. Simultaneous injections of zinc on back­ground of lead intoxication causes a protective effect on the body of pregnant rats and embryonal development of the offspring, more pronounced for zinc citrate, received by using aquananotehnology, as compared to zinc chloride. Thus, by morphometry indices, male fetuses were more sensitive to prenatal lead exposure in comparison to female fetuses.В статье представлены результаты изучения воздействия низких доз свинца и цинка (наноцинка) на эмбриональное развитие в условиях лабораторного эксперимента на крысах. Установлено негативное вли­яние свинца на протекание беременности у лабораторных животных, что проявляется в нарушении физио­логической динамики ректальной температуры и снижении прироста массы тела. Эмбриотоксический эффект низких доз свинца проявляется в увеличении эмбриональной смертности в 2,16 раза по сравнению с кон­трольной группой животных, ухудшении морфометрических показателей плодов, нарушении плацен­тогенеза. Одновременное введение препаратов цинка при свинцовой интоксикации оказывает протекторное действие на организм беременных крыс и эмбриональное развитие потомства, более выраженное для цит­рата цинка, полученного с использованием аквананотехнологии по сравнению с хлоридом цинка. При этом по морфометрическим показателям плоды мужского пола оказались более чувствительны к пренатальному воз­действию свинца по сравнению с плодами женского пола. The article presents results of studied influence of low doses of lead and zinc (nanozinc) on embryonal development in a la­boratory experiment on rats.  Negative influence of lead on pregnancy of laboratory animals, manifested in violation of the physiological dynamics of the rectal temperature and decrease in body weight gain was revealed. Embryotoxic ef­fect of low doses of lead results in increased fetal mortality by 2.16 times compared to the control group of animals, de­terioration of the morphometric indices of fetuses, violation of placentogenesis. Simultaneous injections of zinc on back­ground of lead intoxication causes a protective effect on the body of pregnant rats and embryonal development of the offspring, more pronounced for zinc citrate, received by using aquananotehnology, as compared to zinc chloride. Thus, by morphometry indices, male fetuses were more sensitive to prenatal lead exposure in comparison to female fetuses

SOME FEATURES OF CURRENT TECHNOGENIC MOVEMENTS OF THE EARTH’S CRUST

We describe the history of studying the current crustal movements by various methods and discuss technogenic effects recorded at large water-reservoir zones and mineral deposits in Siberia. Initially, classical surveying techniques aimed to obtain high-accuracy ground-based measurements of height, tilt and direction. Modern geodesy techniques and methods for measuring absolute gravity are now available to investigate displacement, deformation, tilt and other phenomena taking place on the Earth’s surface. These methods are used to estimate kinematic parameters of the crust areas (e.g. rates of subsidence and horizontal movements) and to monitor fluid motions in mineral deposits. Such data are critical for ensuring a proper management of the mineral deposits. In this article, we analyse technogenic processes observed in the Ust Balyk oil-gas field, the Zapolyarny gas deposit, the water-reservoir zone at the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station (SSHPS) on the Yenisei river, and large open-pit mines in the Kuzbass basin. Our analysis is based on surface displacement rates estimated from the data collected in different periods of observations at large man-made facilities. In the study of the hydro technical objects, we estimated the displacement rates at 5.0 mm per year. In the northern areas of the West Siberian petroleum basin, subsidence rates amounted to 20–25 mm per year in the early 2000s. These estimates were supported by the high-accuracy gravity measurements showing an increase up to 6–7 microGal per year in the oil-gas field development areas. We assess a possibility of triggering effects related to weak seismicity due to a high stress accumulation rate (1 KPa per hour) in the SSHPS area. A connection between earth tides and catastrophic events, such as gas emissions in high amounts on mining sites, is discussed. Having analysed the surface monitoring records taken in South Primorye in September 2017, we conclude that underground nuclear explosions in North Korea in this period did not cause any significant displacement of the surface in this most southerly region of the Russian Far East territories

ГЛУБИННОЕ СТРОЕНИЕ ГОРНОГО АЛТАЯ И СОВРЕМЕННЫЕ МОДЕЛИ ГРАВИТАЦИОННОГО ПОЛЯ

The results of the ground-based absolute gravity and space geodetic measurements for the Altai Mountains were considered in combination with EIGEN-6C4 Global Geopotential Model (ETOPO1 Global Relief Model) generated from the satellite data. Analysis was made on different kinds of data: model values for the vertical component of gravity, values of Bouguer and Faye gravity reductions, variations of the vertical gravity gradient, and changes in altitude of the measurement sites. With EIGEN-6C4 model for Bouguer reduction, the crustal thickness curve was drawn along the Novosibirsk (southern West Siberia) – Ukok Plateau (Altai Mountains) line with a length of 800 km. The Moho depth increases from 40 km in the northwest of the area to 51 km in the southeast. For the homogeneous crust model, there was obtained the Moho depth distribution in the Altai Mountains and their foothills.The analysis of the results of modeling Bouguer and Faye reductions, the data on quasigeoid heights and the relationship between relief height and Bouguer anomalies implies that the Altai Mountains area as a whole is isostatically compensated. Non-compensated are some intermountain basins, such as, for example, the Kurai and Chuya valleys.Результаты наземных измерений в районах Горного Алтая, полученные методами абсолютной гравиметрии и космической геодезии, рассматривались совместно с моделью геопотенциала EIGEN-6C4 (модель рельефа ETOPO1), построенной по спутниковым данным. Анализировались различные виды данных: модельные величины вертикальной составляющей силы тяжести, значения силы тяжести в редукциях Буге, Фая, вариации вертикального градиента силы тяжести и изменения высот пунктов. С использованием модели EIGEN-6C4 в редукции Буге построен график мощности земной коры по линии Новосибирск (юг Западной Сибири) – плато Укок (Горный Алтай) длиной 800 км. Глубина границы Мохоровичича увеличивается от 40 км на северо-западе территории до 51 км на юго-востоке. Для модели однородной коры получено распределение глубин по поверхности Мохоровичича в Горном Алтае и его предгорьях.Анализируя результаты построений в редукциях Буге и Фая, данные о высотах квазигеоида и соотношение высоты рельефа и аномалий Буге, следует сделать вывод, что в целом территория Горного Алтая изостатически скомпенсированна. Являются нескомпенсированными отдельные межгорные впадины, например Курайская и Чуйская долины

ВАРИАЦИИ СИЛЫ ТЯЖЕСТИ И СОВРЕМЕННАЯ ГЕОДИНАМИКА ЮГОЗАПАДНОЙ ЧАСТИ БАЙКАЛЬСКОГО РЕГИОНА

Modern methods for determination of gravity values make it possible to obtain measurements with the accuracy up to 10–9 from g0 of the normal value (up to 1 microgal = 10 m/sec2). While all the systematic and periodic effects are excluded, a question is raised about stability of the gravity field of the Earth over time. Changes of the altitude (the Earth’s radius) with time can be estimated with an accuracy of 0.1 mm by modern space geodetic techniques, such as VLBI method. Our experiments for evaluation of stability of the gravity values over the past decades are based on the data obtained by Russian and foreign observatories using absolute ballistic laser gravimeters. The results put a limit of 10–10 per year to changes of the Earth’s radius. These estimations can be useful for testing hypotheses in tectonics.Measurements of non-tidal variations of gravity (Δg), which were obtained from 1992 to 2012 at the Talaya seismic station (located in the south-western part of the Baikal region), are interpreted together with GPS observation data. At the Talaya seismic station, the linear component of gravity variations corresponds to changes in the elevation of this site. The correlation coefficient is close to the normal value of the vertical gradient of gravity. At this site, coseismic gravity variations at the time of the Kultuk earthquake (27 August 2008, Mw=6.3) were caused by a combined effect of the change of the site’s elevation and deformation of the crust. Our estimations of the coseismic effects are consistent with results obtained by modeling based on the available seismic data.Современные методы определения значения силы тяжести позволяют проводить измерения с точностью до 10–9 от g0 нормального значения (до 1 микрогала = 10 нм/с2). При этом исключаются все систематические и периодические эффекты и возникает вопрос о стабильности поля силы тяжести Земли во времени. Оценить изменения высоты (радиуса Земли) во времени с точностью до 0.1 мм позволяют современные методы космической геодезии (VLBI метод). Экспериментальные оценки стабильности значения силы тяжести за последние десятилетия сделаны по материалам отечественных и зарубежных обсерваторий, использующих абсолютные лазерные баллистические гравиметры. Полученные результаты ограничивают изменение радиуса Земли значением 10–10 в год. Эти оценки можно использовать для тестирования тектонических гипотез.Результаты измерений неприливных вариаций ускорения силы тяжести Δg, проведенных в 1992–2012 гг. на сейсмостанции «Талая» (юго-западная часть Байкальского региона), интерпретируются совместно с данными GPS-наблюдений. Линейная составляющая вариации силы тяжести на станции Талая соответствует изменениям высоты пункта. Коэффициент корреляции близок к нормальному значению вертикального градиента силы тяжести. Косейсмические вариации силы тяжести на этом пункте в эпоху Култукского землетрясения (27.08.2008 г., Мw=6.3) вызваны комплексным эффектом изменения высоты пункта и деформации земной коры. Оценки косейсмических эффектов соответствуют результатам моделирования на основе сейсмологических данных

Justice independence: foreign constitutional experiences

This article presents the results of a comparative legal study investigating the norms of constitution in CIS countries, Europe and America about formalizing the principle of justice independenc