5,510 research outputs found
Deep brain stimulation in schizophrenia
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has successfully advanced treatment options of putative therapy-resistant
neuropsychiatric diseases. Building on this strong foundation more and more mental disorders in the
stadium of therapy-resistance are considered as possible indications for DBS. Especially schizophrenia
with its associated severe and difficult to treat symptoms is gaining attention. This attention demands
critical questions regarding the assumed mechanisms of DBS and its possible influence on the supposed
pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here we synoptically compare current approaches and theories of
DBS and discuss the feasibility of DBS in schizophrenia as well as the transferability from other
psychiatric disorders successfully treated with DBS. For this we consider recent advances in animal
models of schizophrenic symptoms, results regarding the influence of DBS on dopaminergic
transmission as well as data concerning neural oscillation and synchronization. In conclusion the use of
DBS for some symptoms of schizophrenia seems to be a promising approach, but the lack of a
comprehensive theory of the mechanisms of DBS as well as its impact on schizophrenia might void the
use of DBS in schizophrenia at this point
Mid-Infrared Diagnostics of LINERs
We report results from the first mid-infrared spectroscopic study of a
comprehensive sample of 33 LINERs, observed with the Spitzer Space Telescope.
We compare the properties of two different LINER populations: infrared-faint
LINERs, with LINER emission arising mostly in compact nuclear regions, and
infrared-luminous LINERs, which often show spatially extended (non-AGN) LINER
emission. We show that these two populations can be easily distinguished by
their mid-infrared spectra in three different ways: (i) their mid-IR spectral
energy distributions (SEDs), (ii) the emission features of polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAHs), and (iii) various combinations of IR fine-structure line
ratios. IR-luminous LINERs show mid-IR SEDs typical of starburst galaxies,
while the mid-IR SEDs of IR-faint LINERs are much bluer. PAH flux ratios are
significantly different in the two groups. Fine structure emission lines from
highly excited gas, such as [O IV], are detected in both populations,
suggesting the presence of an additional AGN also in a large fraction of
IR-bright LINERs, which contributes little to the combined mid-IR light. The
two LINER groups occupy different regions of mid-infrared emission-line
excitation diagrams. The positions of the various LINER types in our diagnostic
diagrams provide important clues regarding the power source of each LINER type.
Most of these mid-infrared diagnostics can be applied at low spectral
resolution, making AGN- and starburst-excited LINERs distinguishable also at
high redshifts.Comment: 11 pages, including 2 eps figures, accepted for publication in ApJ
Imaging density disturbances in water with 41.3 attosecond time resolution
We show that the momentum flexibility of inelastic x-ray scattering may be
exploited to invert its loss function, alowing real time imaging of density
disturbances in a medium. We show the disturbance arising from a point source
in liquid water, with a resolution of 41.3 attoseconds (
sec) and 1.27 ( cm). This result is used to
determine the structure of the electron cloud around a photoexcited molecule in
solution, as well as the wake generated in water by a 9 MeV gold ion. We draw
an analogy with pump-probe techniques and suggest that energy-loss scattering
may be applied more generally to the study of attosecond phenomena.Comment: 4 pages, 4 color figure
Analysis, Visualization, and Transformation of Audio Signals Using Dictionary-based Methods
date-added: 2014-01-07 09:15:58 +0000 date-modified: 2014-01-07 09:15:58 +0000date-added: 2014-01-07 09:15:58 +0000 date-modified: 2014-01-07 09:15:58 +000
Local Swift-BAT active galactic nuclei prefer circumnuclear star formation
We use Herschel data to analyze the size of the far-infrared 70micron
emission for z<0.06 local samples of 277 hosts of Swift-BAT selected active
galactic nuclei (AGN), and 515 comparison galaxies that are not detected by
BAT. For modest far-infrared luminosities 8.5<log(LFIR)<10.5, we find large
scatter of half light radii Re70 for both populations, but a typical Re70 <~ 1
kpc for the BAT hosts that is only half that of comparison galaxies of same
far-infrared luminosity. The result mostly reflects a more compact distribution
of star formation (and hence gas) in the AGN hosts, but compact AGN heated dust
may contribute in some extremely AGN-dominated systems. Our findings are in
support of an AGN-host coevolution where accretion onto the central black hole
and star formation are fed from the same gas reservoir, with more efficient
black hole feeding if that reservoir is more concentrated. The significant
scatter in the far-infrared sizes emphasizes that we are mostly probing spatial
scales much larger than those of actual accretion, and that rapid accretion
variations can smear the distinction between the AGN and comparison categories.
Large samples are hence needed to detect structural differences that favour
feeding of the black hole. No size difference AGN host vs. comparison galaxies
is observed at higher far-infrared luminosities log(LFIR)>10.5 (star formation
rates >~ 6 Msun/yr), possibly because these are typically reached in more
compact regions in the first place.Comment: 7 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy &
Astrophysic
Comparing Chandra and SIRTF Observations for Obscured Starbursts and AGN at High Redshift
Tracking the star formation rate to high redshifts requires knowledge of the
contribution from both optically visible and obscured sources. The dusty,
optically-obscured galaxies can be located by X-ray and infrared surveys. To
establish criteria for selecting such sources based only on X-ray and infrared
surveys, we determine the ratio of infrared to X-ray brightness that would be
observed by SIRTF and Chandra for objects with the same spectral shapes as
nearby starbursts if seen at high redshift. The parameter IR/X is defined as
IR/X = (flux density observed in SIRTF MIPS 24 m filter in mJy)/(total
flux observed within 0.5-2.0 keV in units of 10^-16 ergs\s\cm^2). Based on
observations of NGC 4038/39 (``The Antennae''), NGC 3690+IC 694 (Arp 299 or Mkn
171), M 82, and Arp 220, nine starburst regions are compared using mid-infrared
spectra taken by the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and X-ray spectra
obtained with Chandra . The IR/X are determined as they would appear for 1<z<3.
The mean IR/X over this redshift range is 1.3 and is not a significant function
of redshift or luminosity, indicating that SIRTF surveys reaching 0.4 mJy at 24
m should detect the same starbursts as deep CXO surveys detect at a flux
of 0.3x10^-16 ergs/s/cm^2. The lower bound of IR/X for starbursts is about 0.2,
suggesting that objects with IR/X smaller than this have an AGN X-ray component
in addition to the starburst. Values of IR/X for the obscured AGN within NGC
1068, the Circinus galaxy, and NGC 6240 are also determined for comparison
although interpretation is complicated by the circumnuclear starbursts in these
galaxies. Any sources found in surveys having IR/X>4 would not match any of the
objects considered.Comment: accepted for publication in Ap
On the Nodal Count Statistics for Separable Systems in any Dimension
We consider the statistics of the number of nodal domains aka nodal counts
for eigenfunctions of separable wave equations in arbitrary dimension. We give
an explicit expression for the limiting distribution of normalised nodal counts
and analyse some of its universal properties. Our results are illustrated by
detailed discussion of simple examples and numerical nodal count distributions.Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
Searching for molecular outflows in Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies
We present constraints on the molecular outflows in a sample of five
Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxies using Herschel observations of the OH doublet
at 119 {\mu}m. We have detected the OH doublet in three cases: one purely in
emission and two purely in absorption. The observed emission profile has a
significant blueshifted wing suggesting the possibility of tracing an outflow.
Out of the two absorption profiles, one seems to be consistent with the
systemic velocity while the other clearly indicates the presence of a molecular
outflow whose maximum velocity is about ~1500 km/s. Our analysis shows that
this system is in general agreement with previous results on Ultra-luminous
Infrared Galaxies and QSOs, whose outflow velocities do not seem to correlate
with stellar masses or starburst luminosities (star formation rates). Instead
the galaxy outflow likely arises from an embedded AGN.Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. 13 pages, 11 figures, 4 table
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