Naturalism and the Normative Domain: Accounting for Normativity with the Help of 18th Century Empathy-Sentimentalism

Abstract: Moral sentimentalism has seen a tremendous rise in popularity in recent years within contemporary meta-ethical theory, since it promises to delineate the normative domain in a naturalistically unobjectionable manner. After showing that both Michael Slote and Jesse Prinz’s sentimentalist positions fall short of fulfilling this promise, this essay argues that contemporary sentimentalists are advised to take their clues from Adam Smith rather than David Hume. While Hume was absolutely right in emphasizing the importance of empathy in the moral context, his official description of the mechanisms of empathy as articulated in the Treatise falls fundamentally short for this purpose. Adam Smith’s conception of empathy, a conception that in fact is closer to some of Hume’ remarks in the Enquiry rather than the Treatise, as essentially involving perspective taking and his appeal to the impartial spectator perspective proves to be more fertile. Only in this manner do sentimentalists have any hope of accounting for the intersubjective normative and obligatory dimension of moral judgments.Keywords: Moral Sentimentalism; Empathy; Adam Smith; David Hume; Michael Slote; Jesse Prinz Naturalismo e dominio normativo: affermare il normativo con l’aiuto delle teorie dell’empatia e del sentimentalismo del XVIII secolo Riassunto: Negli ultimi anni il sentimentalismo morale ha conosciuto un incredibile incremento di popolarità nel dibattito meta-etico contemporaneo, poiché promette di delineare il dominio del normativo secondo una prospettiva inequivocabilmente naturalistica. Dopo aver mostrato come le posizioni sentimentaliste di Michael Slote e Jesse Prinz non sono in grado di mantenere questa promessa, in questo lavoro si afferma che i sostenitori contemporanei del sentimentalismo sono invitati a trarre ispirazione da Adam Smith piuttosto che da David Hume. Se Hume aveva assolutamente ragione nel sottolineare l’importanza dell’empatia in ambito morale, la sua descrizione ufficiale dei meccanismi dell’empatia, così come viene presentata nel Treatise, in fin dei conti non si mostra all’altezza di questo compito. La concezione dell’empatia di Adam Smith, che nei fatti è più vicina ad alcuni tratti dello Hume dell’Enquiry piuttosto che a quello del Treatise, implicando fondamentalmente l’assunzione di prospettiva e richiamando la prospettiva dello spettatore disinteressato, dimostra di essere più feconda. Solo così i teorici del sentimentalismo possono sperare di render conto del carattere necessitante e intersoggettivamente normativo dei giudizi morali.Parole chiave: Sentimentalismo morale; Empatia; Adam Smith; David Hume; Michael Slote; Jesse Prin

Impact of Microstructure of Nanoscale Magnetron Sputtered Ru/Al Multilayers on Thermally Induced Phase Formation

In this study, we report on phase formation and microstructure evolution in multiscale magnetron sputtered Ru/Al multilayers upon thermal annealing in vacuum at slow heating rates of 10 K/min. By specifically adjusting the microstructure and design of the as-deposited multilayers, the formation of certain desired phases can be tuned. We demonstrate that the synthesis of single phase RuAl thin films is possible in a very controlled manner in a solid state only via thermal activation without initiating the self-propagating exothermic reactions of Ru/Al multilayers. To investigate phase formation sequences and the resulting microstructures, Ru/Al multilayers were designed via magnetron sputtering with systematic variation of bilayer modulation periods and subsequent vacuum annealing. Thin films samples were characterized by in situ high-temperature XRD, TEM imaging and diffraction. It is shown that different phase sequences appear in strong correlation with the modulation length. Depending on the multilayer design, the phase formation toward single-phase RuAl thin films happens as either a multi-step or single-step event. In particular, below a critical threshold of the modulation period, the multi-step phase formation can be suppressed, and only the desired RuAl target phase is obtained with a pronounced growth in a preferred orientation. This finding may be versatile for the targeted synthesis of intermetallic phases, contributing to further understanding of phase formation in such nanoscale multilayer systems

Impact of Microstructure of Nanoscale Magnetron Sputtered Ru/Al Multilayers on Thermally Induced Phase Formation

In this study, we report on phase formation and microstructure evolution in multiscale magnetron sputtered Ru/Al multilayers upon thermal annealing in vacuum at slow heating rates of 10 K/min. By specifically adjusting the microstructure and design of the as-deposited multilayers, the formation of certain desired phases can be tuned. We demonstrate that the synthesis of single phase RuAl thin films is possible in a very controlled manner in a solid state only via thermal activation without initiating the self-propagating exothermic reactions of Ru/Al multilayers. To investigate phase formation sequences and the resulting microstructures, Ru/Al multilayers were designed via magnetron sputtering with systematic variation of bilayer modulation periods and subsequent vacuum annealing. Thin films samples were characterized by in situ high-temperature XRD, TEM imaging and diffraction. It is shown that different phase sequences appear in strong correlation with the modulation length. Depending on the multilayer design, the phase formation toward single-phase RuAl thin films happens as either a multi-step or single-step event. In particular, below a critical threshold of the modulation period, the multi-step phase formation can be suppressed, and only the desired RuAl target phase is obtained with a pronounced growth in a preferred orientation. This finding may be versatile for the targeted synthesis of intermetallic phases, contributing to further understanding of phase formation in such nanoscale multilayer systems

Chapitre 3. Empathie et narration : repenser la différence entre sciences naturelles et sciences humaines

Comme on le sait, la philosophie herméneutique (ou interprétativiste) des sciences sociales, a toujours soutenu une division méthodologique stricte entre sciences humaines et sociales, d’une part, et sciences naturelles, d’autre part. Ce dualisme méthodologique a été exprimé par Droysen dans des termes qui ont fait école, en affirmant que « la recherche historique ne cherche pas à expliquer, c’est-à-dire à déduire et à raisonner par inférence, mais à comprendre », et il en est de même dans la..

Davidson, Reasons, and Causes: A Plea for a Little Bit More Empathy

In this essay, I will suggest ways of improving on Davidson’s conception of the explanatory autonomy of folk psychological explanations. For that purpose, I will appeal to insights from the recent theory of mind debate emphasizing the centrality of various forms of empathy for our understanding of another person’s mindedness. While I will argue that we need to abandon Davidson’s position of anomalous monism, I will also show that my account is fully compatible with Davidson’s non-reductive and interpretationist account of meaning and mental content. Indeed, my account does more justice to the empathic capacities underlying our interpretive capacities, which Davidson himself has to acknowledge in thinking about the constitutive features of thought and meaning. More specifically, I will propose a new way of philosophically safeguarding the causal-explanatory autonomy of our ordinary action explanations by showing how our empathic capacities are involved in epistemically delineating the domain of rational agency

Social Cognition and the Allure of the Second-Person Perspective: In Defense of Empathy and Simulation

This essay serves as an evaluation of challenges to the orthodox way of conceiving mindreading abilities by defending a 2006 claim by the author that those abilities involve basic and reenactive empathy