'A burthern too heavy for humane sufferance': Locke on reputation

This is the author accepted manuscript. It is currently under an indefinite embargo pending publication by Imprint Academic.Locke emphasised that a concern for reputation powerfully shaped the individual’s conduct. Most scholarship suggests that Locke portrayed this phenomenon in negative terms. This article complicates this picture. A concern for reputation served a constructive role in Locke’s theory of social development, which offered a powerful alternative explanation of the origins of moral consensus and political authority to Hobbes’. Locke nonetheless suggested that misunderstandings engendered in Christian commonwealths regarding the nature of political and religious authority had impacted negatively on the moral regulation of societies. The forces governing society, which once habituated individuals in beneficial ways, now led them astray.The research for this article was undertaken as part of the project, ‘Crossroads of Knowledge in Early Modern England: The Place of Literature’, funded by the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme [(FP7/2007-2013)/ERC grant agreement no 617849]

The Problem of Sociability after Hobbes : Pufendorf and Locke on the Politics of Recognition

Peer reviewe

Higher Education, Stakeholder Interface and Teacher Formation for Church Schools

Christian universities operate with increasingly complex roles and functions when engaging with multiple stakeholders in the provision of higher education. This paper asks how to understand and analyse the interactions when church universities are among the multiple stakeholders in Christian teacher education. What frameworks of analysis or tools of evaluation can be employed? Stakeholder theory is shown to support the identification of various community interests and involvements and enable clarification of whose perspective or priorities are to be taken into account. From a recent UK research case study, the need for greater understanding and management of stakeholder interests and activity within Christian teacher education is highlighted

Anglican Church School Education: Moving Beyond the First Two Hundred Years

Book Revie

Shaftesbury reconsidered: Stoic ethics and the unreasonableness of Christianity"

Anthony Ashley Cooper, third earl of Shaftesbury, is a complex figure in the intellectual history of eighteenth-century Britain. He can easily appear as an anachronism, contemptuous or ignorant of the advances in learning underway in the age in which he lived. In the original index to the second edition of his Characteristicks of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times (1714), ‘Metaphysicks’ is followed by ‘necessary Knowledge of nothing knowable or known’. Under ‘Philosophers’ are the entries ‘See CLOWN’, and ‘Moral Philosophers of a modern sort, more ignorant and corrupt than the mere Vulgar’. One seeks an entry for ‘Newton, Isaac’ in vain; and whilst Bacon had the honour of being cited by Shaftesbury—once—it was only to establish that he had been fortunate to have ‘escap’d being call’d an ATHEIST’ by his contemporaries, an oversight Shaftesbury was eager to remedy. Rather than trouble himself with the productions of a modern age whose philosophy he considered to be ‘rotten’, Shaftesbury unabashedly proclaimed his preference for the Stoic moralists of classical antiquity. In his General Dictionary (1739), Thomas Birch noted that Shaftesbury ‘carried always with him’ the ‘moral works of Xenophon, Horace, the Commentaries and Enchridion of Epictetus as published by Arrian, and Marcus Antoninus’The final stage of research for this essay was supported by funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) / ERC grant agreement no 617849

Recognition, Sociability and Intolerance : A Study of Archibald Campbell (1691-1756)

We care deeply about what other people think of us, to such an extent that we may do seemingly irrational things in order to influence their opinion. This is not a new insight. The period ca.1650-1800 witnessed a concerted, if neglected debate about the implications of mankind’s desire for recognition, which bore directly on discussions of sociability and toleration. Here Thomas Hobbes’s writings acted as a powerful stimulus. Hobbes argued that even as the desire for recognition in mankind’s natural condition induces individuals to seek society, recognition-seeking generates a mistrust and violence that precludes its realization. Political authority, allied to the ecclesiastical, is required to constrain men to recognize their mutual obligations to one another: vertical toleration is necessary for horizontal tolerance between individuals to be realizable. The Church of Scotland minister and Professor at St Andrews, Archibald Campbell (1691-1756) offered a comprehensive challenge to Hobbes’s interpretation of the relationship between recognition and toleration. Campbell vindicated the desire for esteem from both a moral and a theological perspective: the pursuit of recognition induces us to accommodate our opinions and actions to those of others with whom we live. It gives rise to sociability and mutual fellowship. Yet Campbell accepted that the economy of esteem had been corrupted in ‘civilized’ societies, and implicated institutional religion in this development. Toleration, he concluded, could not hope to salve the wounds caused by the introduction of intolerance into human relations

A burthen too heavy for humane sufferance : Locke on reputation

Locke emphasized that a concern for reputation powerfully shaped the individual's conduct. Most scholarship suggests that Locke portrayed this phenomenon in negative terms. This article complicates this picture. A concern for reputation served a constructive role in Locke's theory of social development, which offered a powerful alternative explanation of the origins of moral consensus and political authority to Hobbes's. Locke nonetheless suggested that misunderstandings engendered in Christian commonwealths regarding the nature of political and religious authority had impacted negatively on the moral regulation of societies. The forces governing society, which once habituated individuals in beneficial ways, now led them astray

The direct medical costs of epilepsy in children and young people: a population-based study of health resource utilisation

We described the health resource utilisation (HRU) and associated direct medical costs of managing epilepsy in children and young people (CYP) using population-level data from the United Kingdom. The study cohort were CYP born between 1988 and 2004 who were newly diagnosed with epilepsy and identified using a nationally representative primary care database from the United Kingdom. Reference unit costs were applied to each element of HRU to calculate annual direct medical costs per child. We assessed whether HRU and costs differed by time from diagnosis, age, sex and socioeconomic deprivation. Of 798 CYP newly diagnosed with epilepsy, 56% were male and the mean age at diagnosis was 5.6 years. The highest burden of HRU was in the first year following diagnosis with a mean annual cost of £930 (95% confidence interval (CI) £839–1022) per child in this first year. This decreased to £461 (95%CI 368–551) in the second year which remained fairly constant each subsequent year (£413 (95% CI 282–540) in the 8th year). The highest contribution to the annual medical costs was from inpatient hospital admissions followed by the costs of AEDs. Mean annual medical costs were significantly higher in children under 6 years of age compared with older children (p < 0.01), but were similar across socioeconomic groups (p = 0.62). The direct medical costs of HRU in CYP with epilepsy are higher in the first year after diagnosis compared to subsequent years, reflecting HRU related to the diagnostic process in the first year. Medical costs did not vary substantially by sex or socioeconomic deprivation indicating a similar level of consultation and care across these groups