Errors and Discrepancies in Measurement of Tooth Size

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66948/2/10.1177_00220345600390022301.pd

Tooth size and approximal decay in human teeth

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33371/1/0000769.pd

The vertical dimensions of the face and skeletodental retrognathism

This study deals with nine vertical dimensions in skeletodental retrognathism. Twenty-five boys and twenty-five girls, 11 years of age, with Class II molar relationships and ANB angles of 4.5 degrees or greater, were compared with twelve girls and thirteen boys, 11 years of age, with Class I molar relationships and ANB angles of less than 4.5 degrees.The vertical dimensions used were found to be significantly larger in the boys than in the girls. The vertical position of the mandible and palatal portion of the maxilla was not found to be different in retrognathism, but there appeared to be a slight tendency for the maxillary dentoalveolar height to be greater in retrognathism than in orthognathism. On the other hand, in these samples, there was no difference between retrognathism and orthognathism in anteroposterior position of the maxillary dentition relative to sella. A significant difference was found between samples for both sexes in the mandible, which was found to be smaller and more posteriorly positioned in retrognathism than in orthognathism. It was observed that the mandibular plane angle is slightly larger in retrognathism than orthognathism. However, the size of the mandibular plane angle appears to be related only slightly to the severity of the retrognathism.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/33394/1/0000794.pd

Computer Storage and Retrieval System for Two-Dimensional Outlines

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67260/2/10.1177_00220345700490053201.pd

Intraindividual Variability in Reaction Time Predicts Cognitive Outcomes 5 Years Later

Objective: Building on results suggesting that intraindividual variability in reaction time (inconsistency) is highly sensitive to even subtle changes in cognitive ability, this study addressed the capacity of inconsistency to predict change in cognitiv

The heritability of attained growth in the human face

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/32722/1/0000090.pd

Optimal Brain MRI Protocol for New Neurological Complaint

Background/Purpose Patients with neurologic complaints are imaged with MRI protocols that may include many pulse sequences. It has not been documented which sequences are essential. We assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a limited number of sequences in patients with new neurologic complaints. Methods: 996 consecutive brain MRI studies from patients with new neurological complaints were divided into 2 groups. In group 1, reviewers used a 3-sequence set that included sagittal T1-weighted, axial T2-weighted fluid-attenuated inversion recovery, and axial diffusion-weighted images. Subsequently, another group of studies were reviewed using axial susceptibility-weighted images in addition to the 3 sequences. The reference standard was the study's official report. Discrepancies between the limited sequence review and the reference standard including Level I findings (that may require immediate change in patient management) were identified. Results: There were 84 major findings in 497 studies in group 1 with 21 not identified in the limited sequence evaluations: 12 enhancing lesions and 3 vascular abnormalities identified on MR angiography. The 3-sequence set did not reveal microhemorrhagic foci in 15 of 19 studies. There were 117 major findings in 499 studies in group 2 with 19 not identified on the 4-sequence set: 17 enhancing lesions and 2 vascular lesions identified on angiography. All 87 Level I findings were identified using limited sequence (56 acute infarcts, 16 hemorrhages, and 15 mass lesions). Conclusion: A 4-pulse sequence brain MRI study is sufficient to evaluate patients with a new neurological complaint except when contrast or angiography is indicated

FeCycle: Attempting an iron biogeochemcial budget from a mesoscale SF 6 tracer experiment in unpertutbed low iron waters

An improved knowledge of iron biogeochemistry is needed to better understand key controls on the functioning of high-nitrate low-chlorophyll (HNLC) oceanic regions. Iron budgets for HNLC waters have been constructed using data from disparate sources ranging from laboratory algal cultures to ocean physics. In summer 2003 we conducted FeCycle, a 10-day mesoscale tracer release in HNLC waters SE of New Zealand, and measured concurrently all sources (with the exception of aerosol deposition) to, sinks of iron from, and rates of iron recycling within, the surface mixed layer. A pelagic iron budget (timescale of days) indicated that oceanic supply terms (lateral advection and vertical diffusion) were relatively small compared to the main sink (downward particulate export). Remote sensing and terrestrial monitoring reveal 13 dust or wildfire events in Australia, prior to and during FeCycle, one of which may have deposited iron at the study location. However, iron deposition rates cannot be derived from such observations, illustrating the difficulties in closing iron budgets without quantification of episodic atmospheric supply. Despite the threefold uncertainties reported for rates of aerosol deposition (Duce et al., 1991), published atmospheric iron supply for the New Zealand region is ∼50-fold (i.e., 7-to 150-fold) greater than the oceanic iron supply measured in our budget, and thus was comparable (i.e., a third to threefold) to our estimates of downward export of particulate iron. During FeCycle, the fluxes due to short term (hours) biological iron uptake and regeneration were indicative of rapid recycling and were tenfold greater than for new iron (i.e. estimated atmospheric and measured oceanic supply), giving an "fe" ratio (uptake of new iron/ uptake of new + regenerated iron) of 0.17 (i.e., a range of 0.06 to 0.51 due to uncertainties on aerosol iron supply), and an "Fe" ratio (biogenic Fe export/uptake of new + regenerated iron) of 0.09 (i.e., 0.03 to 0.24)

Exosome signalling in the kidney

Urine contains exosomes originating from the circulation and all cells lining the urinary tract. Exosomes are a route of inter-cellular communication along the nephron potentially able to transfer of protein and/or RNA. It is not known whether this is a regulated process analogous to other cell-to-cell signalling systems. The aims of this study were to develop nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) as a technique to quantify exosomes in urine. Secondly, the hormonal regulation of exosome uptake in vitro and in vivo was investigated. Thirdly, exosome excretion in a central diabetes insipidus (DI) patient and a patient group after radiocontrast exposure was measured to investigate exosome excretion along the kidney in injury. Using the fluorescent capabilities of NTA, urinary exosomes were quantified in urine samples. NTA was able to detect changes in aquaporin 2 levels in vitro and in vivo. Storage conditions for human urinary exosomes were also optimised using NTA. A kidney cortical collecting duct cell line (CCDs) was used to model regulation of exosome uptake in vitro. CCDs were stimulated with desmopressin, a vasopressin analogue, and uptake of fluorescently-loaded or microRNA-loaded exosomes was measured. Desmopressin stimulated exosome uptake into collecting duct cells via V2 receptor stimulation. Intra-cellular uptake of exosomes was confirmed by microRNA specific mRNA down-regulation. Mechanistically, exosome uptake in response to desmopressin required cyclic AMP production, was mediated by clathrin-dependent endocytosis and was selective for exosomes from kidney tubular cells. In mice, fluorescently-loaded exosomes were systemically injected before and after administration of the V2 antagonist, tolvaptan, and urinary exosome excretion was measured. Basally, 2.5% of injected exosomes were recovered in urine; tolvaptan treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase. By combining antibodies to nephron segment-specific proteins with NTA we measured human urinary exosome excretion in central diabetes insipidus (DI) and after radiocontrast exposure (n=37). In DI, desmopressin reduced the excretion of exosomes derived from upstream glomerular and proximal tubule cells. In patients exposed to radiocontrast, urinary exosomes from the glomerulus were positively correlated with the tubular injury markers KIM- 1 and NGAL. These findings therefore show that tubular exosome uptake is a specific, hormonally regulated process that is reduced with injury. Physiologically, exosomes are a mechanism of inter-cellular communication; therapeutically, exosomes represent a novel vehicle by which RNA therapy could be targeted for the treatment of kidney disease

Protein kinase activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase regulates cytokine-dependent cell survival

Extent: 14 p.The dual specificity protein/lipid kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), promotes growth factor-mediated cell survival and is frequently deregulated in cancer. However, in contrast to canonical lipid-kinase functions, the role of PI3K protein kinase activity in regulating cell survival is unknown. We have employed a novel approach to purify and pharmacologically profile protein kinases from primary human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells that phosphorylate serine residues in the cytoplasmic portion of cytokine receptors to promote hemopoietic cell survival. We have isolated a kinase activity that is able to directly phosphorylate Ser585 in the cytoplasmic domain of the interleukin 3 (IL-3) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) receptors and shown it to be PI3K. Physiological concentrations of cytokine in the picomolar range were sufficient for activating the protein kinase activity of PI3K leading to Ser585 phosphorylation and hemopoietic cell survival but did not activate PI3K lipid kinase signaling or promote proliferation. Blockade of PI3K lipid signaling by expression of the pleckstrin homology of Akt1 had no significant impact on the ability of picomolar concentrations of cytokine to promote hemopoietic cell survival. Furthermore, inducible expression of a mutant form of PI3K that is defective in lipid kinase activity but retains protein kinase activity was able to promote Ser585 phosphorylation and hemopoietic cell survival in the absence of cytokine. Blockade of p110α by RNA interference or multiple independent PI3K inhibitors not only blocked Ser585 phosphorylation in cytokine-dependent cells and primary human AML blasts, but also resulted in a block in survival signaling and cell death. Our findings demonstrate a new role for the protein kinase activity of PI3K in phosphorylating the cytoplasmic tail of the GM-CSF and IL-3 receptors to selectively regulate cell survival highlighting the importance of targeting such pathways in cancer.Daniel Thomas, Jason A. Powell, Benjamin D. Green, Emma F. Barry, Yuefang Ma, Joanna Woodcock, Stephen Fitter, Andrew C.W. Zannettino, Stuart M. Pitson, Timothy P. Hughes, Angel F. Lopez, Peter R. Shepherd, Andrew H. Wei, Paul G. Ekert and Mark A. Guthridg