ОСНОВНІ ІНФОРМАЦІЙНО–ТЕХНІЧНІ ЗАСОБИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ДИСТАНЦІЙНОГО НАВЧАННЯ

The article deals with regulatory support distance learning in Ukraine, revealed the concept of "distance learning", its main advantages and highlighted some drawbacks. The basic scientific work on the introduction of educational distance learning technologies in training of students, especially teaching, advantages and disadvantages. Presented developed eLearning and results of its implementation in the educational system of distance learning on the example of the National Agricultural University of Ukraine. Considered electronic educational materials in the form of electronic textbook hyperlinked item plan for the section of the guide. The level of knowledge in the students studied the system E–learning platform. During the test, students were significantly higher results than students who studied the normal curriculum (without using e–learning course). Deals with the application of information technology tools, information and communication and distance technologies to study e–learning courses on the subject «Environmental certification areas and businesses», which allowed students to better learn the knowledge of theoretical material (as the e–course contains many auxiliary visual material), gain practical skills with an environmental certification of various sectors of аgriculture.  В статье рассмотрено нормативно–правовое обеспечение дистанционного обучения в Украине, раскрывается понятие «дистанционного образования», основные его преимущества и выделены некоторые недостатки. Проанализированы основные научные работы по внедрению образовательных дистанционных технологий в подготовку студентов, особенности преподавания, преимущества и недостатки. Представлен разработанный электронный учебный курс и результаты его внедрения в учебную систему дистанционного обучения на примере Национального университета биоресурсов и природопользования Украины. Рассмотрены электронные учебные материалы в виде электронного пособия с гиперссылками из пунктов плана на разделы пособия. Проанализирован уровень знаний у студентов, обучавшихся по системе E–learning платформы. Во время проведения тестирования, студенты получили значительно более высокие результаты, чем студенты, которые учились по обычной программе обучения (без использования электронного учебного курса). Освещены применения информационно–технических средств, информационно–коммуникационные и дистанционные технологии для изучения электронного учебного курса по дисциплине «Экологическая паспортизация территорий и предприятий», что позволило студентам более качественно усвоить знания теоретического материала (так как электронный курс содержит много вспомогательного визуального материала), приобрести практические умения и навыки по проведению экологической паспортизации различных отраслей хозяйства. У статті розглянуто нормативно–правове забезпечення дистанційного навчання в Україні, розкривається поняття «дистанційної освіти», основні його переваги та виділено деякі недоліки. Проаналізовано основні наукові праці щодо впровадження освітніх дистанційних технологій в підготовку студентів, особливості викладання, переваги та недоліки. Представлено розроблений електронний навчальний курс та результати його впровадження у навчальну систему дистанційного навчання на прикладі Національного університету біоресурсів і природокористування України. Розглянуто електронні навчальні матеріали у вигляді електронного посібника з гіперпосиланнями з пунктів плану на розділи посібника. Проаналізовано рівень знань у студентів, що навчалися за системою E–learning платформи. Під час проведення тестування, студенти отримали значно вищі результати, ніж студенти, які навчалися за звичайною програмою навчання (без використання електронного навчального курсу). Висвітлено застосування інформаційно–технічних засобів, інформаційно–комунікаційні та дистанційні технології для вивчення електронного навчального курсу з дисципліни «Екологічна паспортизація територій і підприємств», що дозволило студентам більш якісно засвоїти знання з теоретичного матеріалу (оскільки електронний курс містить багато допоміжного візуального матеріалу), набути практичних умінь і навичок з проведення екологічної паспортизації різних галузей господарювання. &nbsp

Assessing seasonal nitrogen export to large tropical lakes

Rivers are exporting increasing amounts of nitrogen (N) to lakes, which is leading to eutrophication. However, the seasonality apparent in nutrient loading, especially in tropical areas, is thus far only partially understood. This study aims to better understand the seasonality and the sources of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) inputs from sub-basins to tropical lakes. We integrated existing approaches into a seasonal model that accounts for seasonality in human activities, meteorology and hydrology, and we applied the model to the sub-basins of a representative tropical lake: Lake Tana, Ethiopia. The model quantifies the river export of DIN by season, source and sub-basin and also accounts for open defecation to land as a diffuse source of N in rivers. Seasonality parameters were calibrated, and model outputs were validated against measured nitrogen loads in the main river outlets. The calibrated model showed good agreement with the measured nitrogen loads at the outflow of the main rivers. The model distinguishes four seasons: rainy (July–September), post-rainy (October–December), dry (January–March) and pre-rainy (April–June). The river export of DIN to Lake Tana was about 9 kton in 2017 and showed spatial and temporal variability: It was highest in the rainy and lowest in the dry seasons. Diffuse sources from agriculture were important contributors of DIN to rivers in 2017, and animal manure was the dominant source in all seasons. Our seasonal sub-basins and rivers model provides opportunities to identify the main nutrient sources to the lake and to formulate effective water quality management options. An example is nutrient application level that correspond to the crop needs in the sub-basins. Furthermore, our model can be used to analyse future trends and serves as an example for other large tropical lakes experiencing eutrophication.</p

Global Change Can Make Coastal Eutrophication Control in China More Difficult

Fast socio-economic development in agriculture and urbanization resulted in increasing nutrient export by rivers, causing coastal eutrophication in China. In addition, climate change may affect hydrology, and as a result, nutrient flows from land to sea. This study aims at a better understanding of how future socio-economic and climatic changes may affect coastal eutrophication in China. We modeled river export of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP) in 2050 for six scenarios combining socio-economic pathways (SSPs) and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). We used the newly developed MARINA 2.0 (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs) model. We found that global change can make coastal eutrophication control in China more difficult. In 2050 coastal waters may be considerably more polluted or considerably cleaner than today depending on the SSP-RCP scenarios. By 2050, river export of TDN and TDP is 52% and 56% higher than in 2012, respectively, in SSP3-RCP8.5 (assuming large challenges for sustainable socio-economic development, and severe climate change). In contrast, river export of nutrients could be 56% (TDN) and 85% (TDP) lower in 2050 than in 2012 in SSP1-RCP2.6 (assuming sustainable socio-economic development, and low climate change). Climate change alone may increase river export of nutrients considerably through hydrology: We calculate 24% higher river export of TDN and 16% higher TDP for the SSP2 scenario assuming severe climate change compared to the same scenario with low climate change (SSP2-RCP8.5 vs. SSP2-RCP2.6). Policies and relevant technologies combining improved nutrient management and climate mitigation may help to improve water quality in rivers and coastal waters of China.</p

Recent advancement in water quality indicators for eutrophication in global freshwater lakes

Eutrophication is a major global concern in lakes, caused by excessive nutrient loadings (nitrogen and phosphorus) from human activities and likely exacerbated by climate change. Present use of indicators to monitor and assess lake eutrophication is restricted to water quality constituents (e.g. total phosphorus, total nitrogen) and does not necessarily represent global environmental changes and the anthropogenic influences within the lake's drainage basin. Nutrients interact in multiple ways with climate, basin conditions (e.g. socio-economic development, point-source, diffuse source pollutants), and lake systems. It is therefore essential to account for complex feedback mechanisms and non-linear interactions that exist between nutrients and lake ecosystems in eutrophication assessments. However, the lack of a set of water quality indicators that represent a holistic understanding of lake eutrophication challenges such assessments, in addition to the limited water quality monitoring data available. In this review, we synthesize the main indicators of eutrophication for global freshwater lake basins that not only include the water quality constituents but also the sources, biogeochemical pathways and responses of nutrient emissions. We develop a new causal network (i.e. multiple links of indicators) using the DPSIR (drivers-pressure-state-impact-response) framework that highlights complex interrelationships among the indicators and provides a holistic perspective of eutrophication dynamics in freshwater lake basins. We further review the 30 key indicators of drivers and pressures using seven cross-cutting themes: (i) hydro-climatology, (ii) socio-economy, (iii) land use, (iv) lake characteristics, (v) crop farming and livestock, (vi) hydrology and water management, and (vii) fishing and aquaculture. This study indicates a need for more comprehensive indicators that represent the complex mechanisms of eutrophication in lake systems, to guide the global expansion of water quality monitoring networks, and support integrated assessments to manage eutrophication. Finally, the indicators proposed in this study can be used by managers and decision-makers to monitor water quality and set realistic targets for sustainable water quality management to achieve clean water for all, in line with Sustainable Development Goal 6

Water pollution from food production: lessons for optimistic and optimal solutions

Food production is a source of various pollutants in aquatic systems. For example, nutrients are lost from fertilized fields, and pathogens from livestock production. Water pollution may impact society and nature. Large-scale water pollution assessments, however, often focus on single pollutants and not on multiple pollutants simultaneously. This study draws lessons from air pollution control for large-scale water quality assessments, where multi-pollutant approaches are more common. To this end, we present a framework for future water pollution assessments searching for optimistic and optimal solutions. We argue that future studies could shift their focus to better account for societal and economic targets. Participatory approaches can help to ensure the feasibility of future solutions to reduce water pollution from food production

Assessing eutrophication indicators in lake basins for water quality management

Eutrophication in freshwater lakes is a global water quality issue. The cumulative concentration of nutrients such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), or aggregated water quality indices (e.g., trophic state index) are frequently used metrics to monitor lake water quality. Such monitoring fails to identify the key causes of eutrophication. As a result, management and policy-making are not sufficiently informed, while it is necessary to understand the effects of the changing climate and socioeconomic development. It is therefore critical to develop and promote indicators for water quality monitoring that include sources of nutrient emissions and their pathways into the lake basin. In this study, we present indicators of drivers and pressures that account for anthropogenic emissions, socio-economic variables, and land-use. To assess the indicators, we implement an integrated modeling framework that consists of GLOBIOM-CWatM-MARINA-Lakes, which combine land use, hydrology and anthropogenic nutrient emissions to lakes. The Lake Victoria basin in Africa will be used as a case study to assess the drivers and pressures and develop a better understanding of the impacts of socio-economy and sources of nutrient emissions on lake water quality. Such drivers and pressures of a lake basin can be used as proxies, particularly in data scarce regions, to fill the gap in water quality monitoring data, and to assist in design of nutrient management policies and plans

Cost-effective management of coastal eutrophication: A case study for the yangtze river basin

Many water resources are threatened with nutrient pollution worldwide. This holds for rivers exporting increasing amounts of nutrients from the intensification of food production systems and further urbanization. This riverine nutrient transport causes coastal eutrophication. This study aims to identify cost-effective management options to simultaneously reach environmental targets for river export of nitrogen and phosphorus by the Yangtze River (China) in 2050. A newly developed modelling approach is used that integrates the Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs (MARINA) with a cost-optimization procedure, and accounts for socio-economic developments, land use and climate changes in a spatially explicit way. The environmental targets for river export of nutrients aim to reduce the gap between baseline and desirable nutrient export. Our baseline is based on MARINA projections for future river export of nutrients, while the desirable nutrient export reflects a low eutrophication potential. Results show the possibilities to close the gap in river export of both nutrients by 80–90% at a cost of 1–3 billion $ per year in 2050. Recycling of animal waste on cropland is an important cost-effective option; reducing synthetic fertilizer inputs provides an opportunity to compensate for the additional costs of the recycling and treatment of manure and wastewater. Our study provides new insights on the combination of cost-effective management options for sub-basins of the Yangtze. This can support the design of cost-effective and sub-basin specific management options for reducing future water pollution.Publishe

Sources and export of nutrients in the Zambezi River basin: status and future trend

In the past decades, nutrient enrichment in African water bodies has been frequently reported and associated to long-term ecological and socio-economic consequences, such as species extinction, unsafe drinking water and compromised local livelihood. Meanwhile, rapid population growth and land-use change towards intensified food production are projected in Africa. As a result, substantial increases are expected in human-induced nutrient inputs (e.g. human waste and fertilizer) to the terrestrial and aquatic environments. This may potentially further deteriorate African water bodies. As part of the Integrated Solution for Water, Land and Energy (IS-WEL) project, this study aims to assess the status and projected changes of nutrient sources, inputs to rivers and export to seas, shading light on possible solutions to minimize further nutrient-induced deterioration of the water bodies and maximize the availability of water of suitable quality for different sectors. This study focuses on the Zambezi river basin, the fourth largest transboundary basin draining through eight southern African countries. Nutrient sources, inputs to rivers and export to sea are estimated using the MARINA model (Model to Assess River Inputs of Nutrients to seAs) under current conditions and future climate, land use and socio-economic projections up to 2050. Results show that for the current period (2005-2010), inputs of nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) to rivers and their export to sea are mainly attributed to natural sources. These sources include nitrogen fixation by the natural ecosystems, phosphorus weathering, and leaching of organic nitrogen and phosphorus from non-agricultural areas. By 2050, nutrient sources will be at least doubled due to anthropogenic inputs in the basin. Consequently, the fraction of human-induced nutrient export are projected to increase considerably, especially for dissolved inorganic phosphorus from domestic wastewater. Additionally, nutrient export to sea is strongly influenced by the intra- and inter-annual precipitation and discharge variabilities in the region. The study highlights the need to simultaneously consider source control, infrastructure development and climate adaptation to minimize further nutrient-induced deterioration of water bodies