An Approach To The Correlation Of Security Events Based On Machine Learning Techniques

Organizations face the ever growing challenge of providing security within their IT infrastructures. Static approaches to security, such as perimetral defense, have proven less than effective - and, therefore, more vulnerable - in a new scenario characterized by increasingly complex systems and by the evolution and automation of cyber attacks. Moreover, dynamic detection of attacks through IDSs (Instrusion Detection Systems) presents too many false positives to be effective. This work presents an approach on how to collect and normalize, as well as how to fuse and classify, security alerts. This approach involves collecting alerts from different sources and normalizes them according to standardized structures - IDMEF (Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format). The normalized alerts are grouped into meta-alerts (fusion, or clustering), which are later classified using machine learning techniques into attacks or false alarms. We validate and report an implementation of this approach against the DARPA Challenge and the Scan of the Month, using three different classifications - SVMs, Bayesian Networks and Decision Trees - having achieved high levels of attack detection with little false positives. 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Formation of Bi₂Ir nanoparticles in a microwave-assisted polyol process revealing the suboxide Bi₄Ir₂O

Intermetallic phases are usually obtained by crystallization from the melt. However, phases containing elements with widely different melting and boiling points, as well as nanoparticles, which provide a high specific surface area, are hardly accessible via such a high-temperature process. The polyol process is one option to circumvent these obstacles by using a solution-based approach at moderate temperatures. In this study, the formation of Bi2Ir nanoparticles in a microwave-assisted polyol process was investigated. Solutions were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy and the reaction was tracked with synchrotron-based in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The products were characterized by PXRD and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Starting from Bi(NO3)(3) and Ir(OAc)(3), the new suboxide Bi4Ir2O forms as an intermediate phase at about 160 degrees C. Its structure was determined by a combination of PXRD and quantum-chemical calculations. Bi4Ir2O decomposes in vacuum at about 250 degrees C and is reduced to Bi2Ir by hydrogen at 150 degrees C. At about 240 degrees C, the polyol process leads to the immediate reduction of the two metal-containing precursors and crystallization of Bi2Ir nanoparticles