Internationalization and Digitalization in Engineering Education

[EN] Digital, virtual and E-learning elements have increasingly become a part in higher education and, most recently, the high potential of digitalization for processes of strategic internationalization of higher education institutions is coming into focus. The collaborative project of three German universities, XYZ, is working on strategies for the internationalization and virtualization of engineering education. While these topics used to be different key areas of the project, a combination of both distinguished itself as a potential new working field. This paper introduces two pilot concepts that were implemented and evaluated at the universities Y and Z which both aim at the complementation of incoming students’ experiences in Germany by digital means. At Y, a transnational online class explores means of preparing degree-mobile engineering students from all over the world for their master’s studies in Germany. At Z, an online course was designed to accompany a summer school research exchange for US-American engineering students in order to prolong their short-term mobility by digital elements. These pilot projects were well-accepted by students and faculty at both universities and their evaluations between 2014 and 2017 have revealed valuable results for further optimization. This paper presents the results and discusses future potential.Strenger, N.; May, D.; Ortelt, T.; Kruse, D.; Frerich, S.; Tekkaya, AE. (2017). Internationalization and Digitalization in Engineering Education. En Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Higher Education Advances. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 558-565. https://doi.org/10.4995/HEAD17.2017.528955856

Generating large labeled data sets for laparoscopic image processing tasks using unpaired image-to-image translation

In the medical domain, the lack of large training data sets and benchmarks is often a limiting factor for training deep neural networks. In contrast to expensive manual labeling, computer simulations can generate large and fully labeled data sets with a minimum of manual effort. However, models that are trained on simulated data usually do not translate well to real scenarios. To bridge the domain gap between simulated and real laparoscopic images, we exploit recent advances in unpaired image-to-image translation. We extent an image-to-image translation method to generate a diverse multitude of realistically looking synthetic images based on images from a simple laparoscopy simulation. By incorporating means to ensure that the image content is preserved during the translation process, we ensure that the labels given for the simulated images remain valid for their realistically looking translations. This way, we are able to generate a large, fully labeled synthetic data set of laparoscopic images with realistic appearance. We show that this data set can be used to train models for the task of liver segmentation of laparoscopic images. We achieve average dice scores of up to 0.89 in some patients without manually labeling a single laparoscopic image and show that using our synthetic data to pre-train models can greatly improve their performance. The synthetic data set will be made publicly available, fully labeled with segmentation maps, depth maps, normal maps, and positions of tools and camera (http://opencas.dkfz.de/image2image).Comment: Accepted at MICCAI 201

Impact of infection on proteome-wide glycosylation revealed by distinct signatures for bacterial and viral pathogens

Mechanisms of infection and pathogenesis have predominantly been studied based on differential gene or protein expression. Less is known about posttranslational modifications, which are essential for protein functional diversity. We applied an innovative glycoproteomics method to study the systemic proteome-wide glycosylation in response to infection. The protein site-specific glycosylation was characterized in plasma derived from well-defined controls and patients. We found 3862 unique features, of which we identified 463 distinct intact glycopeptides, that could be mapped to more than 30 different proteins. Statistical analyses were used to derive a glycopeptide signature that enabled significant differentiation between patients with a bacterial or viral infection. Furthermore, supported by a machine learning algorithm, we demonstrated the ability to identify the causative pathogens based on the distinctive host blood plasma glycopeptide signatures. These results illustrate that glycoproteomics holds enormous potential as an innovative approach to improve the interpretation of relevant biological changes in response to infection

Relationship between molecular pathogen detection and clinical disease in febrile children across Europe: a multicentre, prospective observational study

BackgroundThe PERFORM study aimed to understand causes of febrile childhood illness by comparing molecular pathogen detection with current clinical practice.MethodsFebrile children and controls were recruited on presentation to hospital in 9 European countries 2016-2020. Each child was assigned a standardized diagnostic category based on retrospective review of local clinical and microbiological data. Subsequently, centralised molecular tests (CMTs) for 19 respiratory and 27 blood pathogens were performed.FindingsOf 4611 febrile children, 643 (14%) were classified as definite bacterial infection (DB), 491 (11%) as definite viral infection (DV), and 3477 (75%) had uncertain aetiology. 1061 controls without infection were recruited. CMTs detected blood bacteria more frequently in DB than DV cases for N. meningitidis (OR: 3.37, 95% CI: 1.92-5.99), S. pneumoniae (OR: 3.89, 95% CI: 2.07-7.59), Group A streptococcus (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.13-6.09) and E. coli (OR 2.7, 95% CI 1.02-6.71). Respiratory viruses were more common in febrile children than controls, but only influenza A (OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.11-0.46), influenza B (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.02-0.37) and RSV (OR 0.16, 95% CI: 0.06-0.36) were less common in DB than DV cases. Of 16 blood viruses, enterovirus (OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.23-0.72) and EBV (OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.56-0.90) were detected less often in DB than DV cases. Combined local diagnostics and CMTs respectively detected blood viruses and respiratory viruses in 360 (56%) and 161 (25%) of DB cases, and virus detection ruled-out bacterial infection poorly, with predictive values of 0.64 and 0.68 respectively.InterpretationMost febrile children cannot be conclusively defined as having bacterial or viral infection when molecular tests supplement conventional approaches. Viruses are detected in most patients with bacterial infections, and the clinical value of individual pathogen detection in determining treatment is low. New approaches are needed to help determine which febrile children require antibiotics.FundingEU Horizon 2020 grant 668303

Genomic investigations of unexplained acute hepatitis in children

Since its first identification in Scotland, over 1,000 cases of unexplained paediatric hepatitis in children have been reported worldwide, including 278 cases in the UK1. Here we report an investigation of 38 cases, 66 age-matched immunocompetent controls and 21 immunocompromised comparator participants, using a combination of genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and immunohistochemical methods. We detected high levels of adeno-associated virus 2 (AAV2) DNA in the liver, blood, plasma or stool from 27 of 28 cases. We found low levels of adenovirus (HAdV) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) in 23 of 31 and 16 of 23, respectively, of the cases tested. By contrast, AAV2 was infrequently detected and at low titre in the blood or the liver from control children with HAdV, even when profoundly immunosuppressed. AAV2, HAdV and HHV-6 phylogeny excluded the emergence of novel strains in cases. Histological analyses of explanted livers showed enrichment for T cells and B lineage cells. Proteomic comparison of liver tissue from cases and healthy controls identified increased expression of HLA class 2, immunoglobulin variable regions and complement proteins. HAdV and AAV2 proteins were not detected in the livers. Instead, we identified AAV2 DNA complexes reflecting both HAdV-mediated and HHV-6B-mediated replication. We hypothesize that high levels of abnormal AAV2 replication products aided by HAdV and, in severe cases, HHV-6B may have triggered immune-mediated hepatic disease in genetically and immunologically predisposed children

Laservibrometric vibration measurements of the „Floating Mass Transducer“ part of the semi-implantable middle ear hearing device „Vibrant Soundbridge“

Zur apparativen Versorgung von Schwerhörigkeiten stehen seit mehreren Jahrzehnten äußerlich zu tragende (konventionelle) Hörgeräte zur Verfügung. Fast ebenso lange wird an implantierbaren Hörgeräten geforscht, um verschiedene systembedingte Eigenschaften konventioneller Hörgeräte zu verbessern. Konventionelle Hörgeräte wandeln Luftschall in elektrische Signale um und geben diese verstärkt als Luftschall wieder aus. Statt der Lautsprechermembran konventioneller Hörgeräte, versetzt der elektromechanische Wandler implantierbarer Mittelohrhörgeräte über eine direkte Ankopplung das Mittel- bzw. das Innenohr in Schwingungen. Erst im letzten Jahrzehnt konnten sich (teil-)implantierbare Mittelohrhörgeräte in der klinischen Anwendung durchsetzen und stehen heutzutage zwar nicht als Ersatz der konventionellen Hörgeräte, jedoch als sinnvolle Ergänzung in der Patientenversorgung zur Verfügung. Das weltweit am häufigsten implantierte System ist die sogenannte Vibrant Soundbridge. Der elektromechanische Wandler des Systems Vibrant Soundbridge nennt sich Floating Mass Transducer (FMT). Diese flottierende Masse ist ein kleiner Magnet im Innern eines etwa 2 mm großen Titantönnchens, das von einer elektrischen Spule umwickelt ist. Wird ein Wechselstrom an diese Spule angelegt, bewegt sich der Magnet mit der Frequenz des Stromes vor- und zurück. Das Gehäuse bewegt sich entgegengesetzt und überträgt die Schwingungen nach entsprechender Ankopplung auf die Gehörknöchelchenkette bzw. das runde Fenster. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Schwingungsvorgänge und die Leistungsfähigkeit des FMT von der technischen Seite aus zu untersuchen, um Hinweise zu gewinnen, den klinischen Erfolg verbessern zu können. Zum besseren Verständnis der verwendeten (und dem Mediziner meist nicht trivialen) mathematischen und physikalischen Methoden werden einige theoretische Grundlagen zu Schwingungsmodellen und deren Berechnung in der Arbeit referiert. Das Schwingungsverhalten zweier zur Verfügung stehender FMTs als Messobjekte wurde mittels eines Laserdopplervibrometers (LDV) untersucht. Die Laserdopplervibrometrie ist ein berührungsloses Messverfahren, bei dem durch die Frequenzverschiebung des vom Objekt reflektierten Lasermessstrahls kleinste Schwingungsgeschwindigkeiten und damit -auslenkungen bis in den Femtometerbereich (10^-15 m) gemessen werden können. Es wurde zunächst die messtechnische Linearität der FMTs geprüft. Danach wurde der Einfluss der Kabellänge des Anregungskabels auf die Schwingung untersucht. In weiteren Messreihen erfolgte die Bestimmung der Anzahl der Freiheitsgrade, die der FMT während der Schwingung ausnutzt. Mit einem veränderten Versuchsaufbau wurde schließlich noch die Kraft bestimmt, die der FMT je anliegender Spannung auf eine angekoppelte Struktur auszuüben vermag. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Schwingungsamplitude des FMTs linear proportional zu Anregungsspannung ist. Die Kabellänge des Zuleitungskabels nimmt normalerweise keinen Einfluss auf das Schwingungsverhalten des FMTs. Bei sehr kurz eingefasstem Kabel konnte jedoch ein deutlicher Effekt nachgewiesen werden. Die Schwingung in 5 von 6 Freiheitsgraden wurde nachgewiesen, wobei der FMT hauptsächlich 3 Freiheitsgrade nutzt. Es überwiegt die gewünschte pistonartige translatorische Bewegung entlang der Längsachse. Unter der Verwendung von physikalischen Schwingungsmodellen zu gekoppelten Schwingungen konnten die Messwerte der FMT-Schwingung mit einem theoretisch berechneten Kurvenverlauf zur Deckung gebracht werden. Anschließend konnten dadurch die Schwingungskoeffizienten der Differentialgleichung bestimmt werden. Aus dem Ergebnis ließ sich eine Kraft von größenordnungsmäßig 3 mN pro Volt Anregungsspannung errechnen. Über die Umrechnung der Kraft auf äquivalente Schalldruckpegel am Stapes konnten die Messwerte mit Literaturangaben verglichen werden und eine gute Korrelation gezeigt werden. Die Ergebnisse werden vor dem Hintergrund der Anwendbarkeit in der Klinik und der Forschung diskutiert. Während das Schwingungsverhalten in drei Dimensionen Untersuchungsansätze zur Ankopplung des FMTs am Amboss und am runden Fenster aufzeigt, lassen sich die Angaben der Kraft und der Koeffizienten der Differentialgleichung für Felsenbeinmessungen z. B. mit einem FMT als Schwingungs-Aktor nutzen.Besides conventional hearing aids for treatment of sensorineural hearing loss there are implantable hearing devices in focus of investigation since decades. Where conventional hearing aids have a loudspeaker to lead the amplified sound to the tympanic membrane, implantable hearing devices include an electromechanical transducer which directly connects to the middle ear structures. The electromechanical transducer of the Vibrant Soundbridge is the so-called Floating Mass Transducer (FMT). It consists of a floating magnet built in a tiny titanium housing surrounded by an electric coil. An alternating current passing through the coil sets the magnet and therefore the housing in a back and forth motion. Since the FMT is affixed to the long process of the incus or to the round window of the middle ear, the vibrations are forwarded to the inner ear. Two FMTs were analyzed and characterized by Laser Doppler Vibrometry (LDV). LDV is a non-contact measurement system used to measure smallest vibrations with displacement dimensions of even femtometer (10^-15 m). First, the linearity of the specimen were proved. Then the influence of the length of the electric connection wire of the FMT was investigated. In a third set up the number of degrees of freedom of the FMT was determined. In another examination the theoretically possible driving force of the FMT was measured. The vibration amplitude of the FMT is linear proportional to the excitation voltage. Only with a very short handled connection wire the vibration motion of the FMT is affected. The motion follows mainly 3 of 6 degrees of freedom whereas the favourable piston like motion is most. The driving force was calculated in a dimension of 3 millinewton per volt. The measured data were compared with current literature and proved a good correlation. Findings are discussed in view of practicability in clinical and research scope, i.e. connection of the FMT to the incus or to the round window and using the FMT as a vibrating actor in temporal bone experiments