Privatization of health sector in ex socialist states

Privatization of health care system in ex socialist states is one of the most controversial political and legal questions. On one part there is a widening discrepancy between the costs of health care system and the capability of public finances to cover these costs. On the other part there is a widening discrepancy between the users’ expectations and the technical and personal capability of health care system. So many governments in ex socialist countries see the privatization of health care system as a magical stick which will resolve all the problems. With privatization governments want to achieve following goals: - to improve the cost – benefit relation in health system; - to enlarge the citizens’ responsibility to live healthy; - to prevail the responsibility for the development of health system to private sector; - to liberate themselves from the political responsibility for malfunctioning health care system. Modern local governments are increasingly outsourcing to private firms for public service provision. Privatization is used as a solution where government programs are failing because private firms offer flexibility in program operation and management and are more adept at responding to changing circumstances than governmental entities. Governments also benefit from private partnerships by way of the resulting resources and personnel that become available for other uses. In this submission I’ll try to discuss about the problems of health care system’s privatization in ex socialist countries and about the necessary regulatory steps to be used for successful and citizens’ friendly privatization.privatizaton of health sector; regulatory action

Legislative powers and (X)NGO’s

(X)NGOs1 in nowadays world become more and more important player who not only fulfill the humanitarian goals but also fulfill political goals of it members or even its sponsors. For (X)NGOs late task becomes easier because state uses them as auxiliary legislator. There are diverse reasons for such practice such as: - modern states wants to promote their economy by omitting expensive and unclear legislation (following OECD proposals for legislative reforms); - governing political parties want to pass the political responsibility for tricky political decisions to another body (i.e. collective doubt); - (X)NGOs have more accurate information on certain legislative questions than parliament or government. This article deals with two major problems. In first part it analyzes pro et contra’s for delegation of legislative powers to NGOs and possible risks of such processes. Second part takes in consideration different kind of legislative solutions how to use (X)NGOs in legislative procedure.delegation of legislative powers; deregulation; self regulation; regulatory ferorm

Investigation of flow phenomena in a transonic fan rotor using laser anemometry

Several flow phenomena including flowfield periodicity, rotor shock oscillation, and rotor shock system geometry were investigated in a transonic low aspect ratio fan rotor using laser anemometry. Flow periodicity is found to increase with increasing rotor pressure rise, and to correlate with blade geometry variations. Analysis of time-accurate laser anemometer data indicates that the rotor shock oscillates about its mean location with an amplitude of 3 to 4 percent of rotor chord. The shock surface is nearly two-dimensional or levels of rotor pressure rise at and above the peak efficiency level but becomes more complex for lower levels of pressure rise. Spanwise shock lean generates radial flows due to streamline deflection in the hub-to-shroud streamsurface

Public sector privatization - legal framework

With the accession of ex socialistic countries in EU the problem of public sector privatization become the most popular and at the same times the most important political question. Privatization becomes at the end of the 20th century the magical word, which will resolve all the problems and incapability in public sector. We’re talking about the sector which functioned in monopole framework with all the good and the bad sides of such system. It was the sector which was used and sometimes abused by the state to promote social, political and employment goals. On the other side, distribution, quality and quantity of public goods and services was defined by the state. So the consumers had no choice – their only choice was to use or not use such product. In some countries (like in ex SFRY) also the infrastructure for public services or goods was built with private money (direct or indirect investments) and become the social or state ownership with no remuneration. Within public sector we could speak also about the problem of authority privatization, but it’s a topic, which requires separate analyzes. The intention of this contribution is to show the problems of privatization on the supplier and on the demand side.public sector privatization; consumer protection; authority privatization

Comparison of two- and three-dimensional flow computations with laser anemometer measurements in a transonic compressor rotor

Two and three dimensional inviscid solutions for the flow in a transonic axial compressor rotor at design speed are compared with probe and laser anemometers measurements at near-stall and maximum-flow operating points. Experimental details of the laser anemometer system and computational details of the two dimensional axisymmetric code and three dimensional Euler code are described. Comparisons are made between relative Mach number and flow angle contours, shock location, and shock strength. A procedure for using an efficient axisymmetric code to generate downstream pressure input for computationally expensive Euler codes is discussed. A film supplement shows the calculations of the two operating points with the time-marching Euler code

High-speed laser anemometer system for intrarotor flow mapping in turbomachinery

A fringe-type laser anemometer with innovative features is described. The innovative features include: (1) rapid, efficient data acquisition processes, (2) detailed graphic display of data being accumulated, and (3) input laser-beam positioning that allows greater optical access to the intrarotor region. Results are presented that demonstrate the anemometer's capability in flow mapping within a transonic axial-flow compressor rotor

Laser anemometer measurements in a transonic axial flow compressor rotor

A laser anemometer system employing an efficient data acquisition technique was used to make measurements upstream, within, and downstream of the compressor rotor. A fluorescent dye technique allowed measurements within endwall boundary layers. Adjustable laser beam orientation minimized shadowed regions and enabled radial velocity measurements outside of the blade row. The flow phenomena investigated include flow variations from passage to passage, the rotor shock system, three-dimensional flows in the blade wake, and the development of the outer endwall boundary layer. Laser anemometer measurements are compared to a numerical solution of the streamfunction equations and to measurements made with conventional instrumentation

Laser anemometer measurements in a transonic axial-flow fan rotor

Laser anemometer surveys were made of the 3-D flow field in NASA rotor 67, a low aspect ratio transonic axial-flow fan rotor. The test rotor has a tip relative Mach number of 1.38. The flowfield was surveyed at design speed at near peak efficiency and near stall operating conditions. Data is presented in the form of relative Mach number and relative flow angle distributions on surfaces of revolution at nine spanwise locations evenly spaced from hub to tip. At each spanwise location, data was acquired upstream, within, and downstream of the rotor. Aerodynamic performance measurements and detailed rotor blade and annulus geometry are also presented so that the experimental results can be used as a test case for 3-D turbomachinery flow analysis codes

Enhancing aeropropulsion research with high-speed interactive computing

NASA-Lewis has committed to a long range goal of creating a numerical test cell for aeropropulsion research and development. Efforts are underway to develop a first generation Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS). The NPSS will provide a unique capability to numerically simulate advanced propulsion systems from nose to tail. Two essential ingredients to the NPSS are: (1) experimentally validated Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes; and (2) high performing computing systems (hardware and software) that will permit those codes to be used efficiently. To this end, NASA-Lewis is using high speed, interactive computing as a means for achieving Integrated CFD and Experiments (ICE). The development is described of a prototype ICE system for multistage compressor flow physics research

Turbomachinery

The discipline research in turbomachinery, which is directed toward building the tools needed to understand such a complex flow phenomenon, is based on the fact that flow in turbomachinery is fundamentally unsteady or time dependent. Success in building a reliable inventory of analytic and experimental tools will depend on how the time and time-averages are treated, as well as on who the space and space-averages are treated. The raw tools at disposal (both experimentally and computational) are truly powerful and their numbers are growing at a staggering pace. As a result of this power, a case can be made that a situation exists where information is outstripping understanding. The challenge is to develop a set of computational and experimental tools which genuinely increase understanding of the fluid flow and heat transfer in a turbomachine. Viewgraphs outline a philosophy based on working on a stairstep hierarchy of mathematical and experimental complexity to build a system of tools, which enable one to aggressively design the turbomachinery of the next century. Examples of the types of computational and experimental tools under current development at Lewis, with progress to date, are examined. The examples include work in both the time-resolved and time-averaged domains. Finally, an attempt is made to identify the proper place for Lewis in this continuum of research