Susceptibility of Northern Minnesota Lakes to Acid Deposition Impacts

ABSTRACT-lake chemistry surveys indicate a large number of lakes with acid neutralizing capability (ANC) below 200 μeq/L occur in northeast Minnesota where shallow soils over bedrock and exposed rock outcrops predominate, and in moraine areas having rolling to steep topography in north-central and east-central Minnesota. In the Boundary Waters area, lake chemistry is strongly associated with bedrock geology. lakes with ANC \u3c100 μeq/L are associated with granite, basalt, and gabbro formations, while lakes with ANC of 100- 200 μeq/L are associated with slate and greenstone formations. In the rest of the state where soils are deep, landform, soil type, and lake hydrology determine lake chemistry. Most low ANC lakes are found in terminal moraine areas. These lakes are generally small ( \u3c40 ha in area), have limited groundwater inflow, and typically classed as precipitation-dominated seepage lakes. Higher ANC lakes (\u3e400 μeq/L) are often associated with agricultural and residential land uses. Relationships found between ANC and bedrock geology, and between ANC and landform and soils, provided the basis for mapping the distribution of low ANC surface waters in Minnesota. Empirical and process models used to evaluate the actual susceptibility of low ANC lakes in the Upper Midwest to acid deposition impacts and indicated precipitation pH 4.6-4.7 is a threshold level for lake acidification. Modeling also indicated lakes with AN

Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) - A Brazilian version: translation and cross-cultural adaptation

BACKGROUND: There is a growing scientific interest in the effects of hallucinogens in general and the religious use of psychoactive brew ayahuasca in Brazil in particular. However, there is not yet a standard instrument used in Brazil to evaluate the effects of hallucinogens. The Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) is a questionnaire widely used in the U.S. and Europe to evaluate the effects of several psychoactive substances, including hallucinogens. OBJECTIVE: To translate and adapt the HRS to Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: We followed three steps: 1) the authors of the article translated the HRS into Portuguese, in order to establish an initial version; 2) two independent translators back-translated this version into English; 3) a revision committee produced a final version of the Brazilian Portuguese version. This final version was developed comparing the initial translations and back-translations, through a dialogic process with the author of the instrument. RESULTS: A final Portuguese version of the HRS, following the guidelines for semantic and conceptual equivalence between English and Portuguese to describe hallucinogen-induced subjective states. DISCUSSION: A Brazilian version of the HRS - an instrument widely used throughout the world to quantify effects of psychoactive drugs - provides a sensitive instrument for evaluation of the effects of hallucinogenic substances in Brazil.CONTEXTO: Existe um crescente interesse científico pelos efeitos de alucinógenos em geral e, particularmente, pelo uso religioso da bebida psicoativa ayahuasca no Brasil. Todavia, não há no Brasil um instrumento padronizado para avaliar os efeitos de alucinógenos. A Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) é um questionário amplamente usado nos Estados Unidos e na Europa para avaliar os efeitos de diversas substâncias psicoativas, incluindo as alucinógenas. OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar a HRS para o português brasileiro. MÉTODO: A adaptação foi realizada em três etapas: 1) os autores do artigo traduziram a HRS para o português, visando à elaboração de uma versão-síntese inicial; 2) foi feita retrotradução dessa versão para o inglês por dois tradutores independentes; 3) foi elaborada uma versão final em português brasileiro por um comitê de revisão. Esta versão final foi desenvolvida pela comparação entre as traduções iniciais e as retrotraduções, por um processo dialógico com o autor do instrumento. RESULTADOS: Produção da versão final da HRS em português. Observaram-se as diretrizes para equivalência semântica e conceitual entre o português e inglês na descrição de estados subjetivos induzidos por alucinógenos. CONCLUSÃO: Uma versão brasileira da HRS - instrumento largamente empregado em todo o mundo para quantificar os efeitos de psicoativos - fornece um instrumento sensível para a avaliação de efeitos de substâncias alucinógenas no Brasil.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Departamento de PsiquiatriaUniversidade Estadual de Santa Cruz Departamento de Filosofia e Ciências Humanasda Universidade do Novo México Escola de MedicinaUNIFESP, Depto. de PsiquiatriaSciEL

Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) - Versão brasileira: tradução e adaptação transcultural

BACKGROUND: There is a growing scientific interest in the effects of hallucinogens in general and the religious use of psychoactive brew ayahuasca in Brazil in particular. However, there is not yet a standard instrument used in Brazil to evaluate the effects of hallucinogens. The Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) is a questionnaire widely used in the U.S. and Europe to evaluate the effects of several psychoactive substances, including hallucinogens. OBJECTIVE: To translate and adapt the HRS to Brazilian Portuguese. METHOD: We followed three steps: 1) the authors of the article translated the HRS into Portuguese, in order to establish an initial version; 2) two independent translators back-translated this version into English; 3) a revision committee produced a final version of the Brazilian Portuguese version. This final version was developed comparing the initial translations and back-translations, through a dialogic process with the author of the instrument. RESULTS: A final Portuguese version of the HRS, following the guidelines for semantic and conceptual equivalence between English and Portuguese to describe hallucinogen-induced subjective states. DISCUSSION: A Brazilian version of the HRS - an instrument widely used throughout the world to quantify effects of psychoactive drugs - provides a sensitive instrument for evaluation of the effects of hallucinogenic substances in Brazil.CONTEXTO: Existe um crescente interesse científico pelos efeitos de alucinógenos em geral e, particularmente, pelo uso religioso da bebida psicoativa ayahuasca no Brasil. Todavia, não há no Brasil um instrumento padronizado para avaliar os efeitos de alucinógenos. A Hallucinogen Rating Scale (HRS) é um questionário amplamente usado nos Estados Unidos e na Europa para avaliar os efeitos de diversas substâncias psicoativas, incluindo as alucinógenas. OBJETIVO: Traduzir e adaptar a HRS para o português brasileiro. MÉTODO: A adaptação foi realizada em três etapas: 1) os autores do artigo traduziram a HRS para o português, visando à elaboração de uma versão-síntese inicial; 2) foi feita retrotradução dessa versão para o inglês por dois tradutores independentes; 3) foi elaborada uma versão final em português brasileiro por um comitê de revisão. Esta versão final foi desenvolvida pela comparação entre as traduções iniciais e as retrotraduções, por um processo dialógico com o autor do instrumento. RESULTADOS: Produção da versão final da HRS em português. Observaram-se as diretrizes para equivalência semântica e conceitual entre o português e inglês na descrição de estados subjetivos induzidos por alucinógenos. CONCLUSÃO: Uma versão brasileira da HRS - instrumento largamente empregado em todo o mundo para quantificar os efeitos de psicoativos - fornece um instrumento sensível para a avaliação de efeitos de substâncias alucinógenas no Brasil

JNDS, Volume 16, Number 1

Article offering commentary on Karl Jansen's ketamine model for the near-death experience, expanding upon and raising additional questions about several issues and hypotheses

A Model for the Application of Target-Controlled Intravenous Infusion for a Prolonged Immersive DMT Psychedelic Experience

The state of consciousness induced by N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is one of the most extraordinary of any naturally-occurring psychedelic substance. Users consistently report the complete replacement of normal subjective experience with a novel alternate universe, often densely populated with a variety of strange objects and other highly complex visual content, including what appear to be sentient beings. The phenomenology of the DMT state is of great interest to psychology and calls for rigorous academic enquiry. The extremely short duration of DMT effects—less than 20 minutes—militates against single dose administration as the ideal model for such enquiry. Using pharmacokinetic modelling and DMT blood sampling data, we demonstrate that the unique pharmacological characteristics of DMT, which also include a rapid onset and lack of acute tolerance to its subjective effects, make it amenable to administration by target-controlled intravenous infusion. This is a technology developed to maintain a stable brain concentration of anaesthetic drugs during surgery. Simulations of our model demonstrate that this approach will allow research subjects to be induced into a stable and prolonged DMT experience, making it possible to carefully observe its psychological contents, and provide more extensive accounts for subsequent analyses. This model would also be valuable in performing functional neuroimaging, where subjects are required to remain under the influence of the drug for extended periods. Finally, target-controlled intravenous infusion of DMT may aid the development of unique psychotherapeutic applications of this psychedelic agent