Land issues and poverty reduction: Requirements for lasting peace in Sudan and Afghanistan

Poverty reduction, Hunger, Poverty, Underdevelopment, Agricultural growth, War and peace,

Review of Norwegian Earthquake Assistance to Pakistan 2005 and 2006

The massive earthquake that struck northern parts of Pakistan and India on 8 October 2005, led to the loss of more than 75 000 lives, 100 000 were severely injured and 2.8 million were left without shelter. The relief response was immediate but demanding. It was a race against time to provide assistance before the onset of winter and to reach the most remote areas. The Norwegian Government responded quickly, and prioritised support to Norwegian NGOs with prior experience and networks in Pakistan, Pakistani NGOs with a strong local presence and UN agencies. The total Norwegian earthquake assistance was NOK 522 million, and was generally judged to be delivered in a professional, effective and efficient manner. The new UN Cluster approach was tested in Pakistan. Cluster Heads assigned responsibilities as to agencies with technical expertise, while OCHA had an overall coordination responsibility. This evaluation finds that while the cluster approach improves the relief work, there are a number of weaknesses identified which needs further attention. An important weakness in the current response was that gender issues and women were not prioritised, despite the fact that women had taken on much of the early relief responsibility in the villages, and were particularly vulnerable in the camp environment

Syrningsteknikk

Ved fremstilling av de fermenterte meieriprodukter nyttes som kjent i stor utstrekning renkulturer av forskjellige mikroorganismer. Med fermenterte produkter menes her produkter som har gjennomgått en eller annen gjæringsprosess, hvor viktige melkekomponenter undergår enzymatiske omdannelser

Osten som miljø for mikroorganismene

Når kaseinet i ystemelka felles med syre eller med løpe, dannes det et gel. De utfelte kaseinpartiklene danner strukturelementet i dette gelet. Vannet, med oppløst laktose og salter, er dels mekaniske innesluttet i hulrom og kapillarer, dels kjemisk bundet til hydrofile komponenter i gelet. Kjemisk bundet vann kan ikke tjene som oppløsningsmiddel for sukker eller salter. Det kan ikke fryse eller fjernes ved trykk

Letter to the Editor

publishedVersio

Experiences with energy drink consumption among Norwegian adolescents

The objective of the present study was to describe adolescents’ habits and experiences with energy drink (ED) consumption and the relation to the amount of ED consumed. We used the national cross-sectional study Ungdata, conducted in 2015–16 in Norway. A total of 15 913 adolescents aged 13–19 years answered questions about ED consumption related to the following topics: reasons for, experiences with, habits and parental attitudes. The sample comprised only adolescents reporting to be ED consumers. We estimated the association between the responses and the average daily consumption of ED in multiple regression models. Those who consumed ED ‘to concentrate’ or ‘to perform better in school’ consumed on average 73⋅1 (CI 65⋅8, 80⋅3) and 112⋅0 (CI 102⋅7, 121⋅2) ml more daily, respectively, than those who did not consume ED for these reasons. Up to 80 % of the adolescents reported that ‘my parents think it is OK that I drink energy drink’, but at the same time almost 50 % reported that ‘my parents say that I shouldn't drink energy drink’. Apart from increased endurance and feeling stronger, both desired and adverse effects of ED consumption were reported. Our findings indicate that the expectation created by the ED companies have great influence on the adolescents’ consumption rate and that parental attitudes towards ED have little to no influence on the adolescents’ consumption rate.publishedVersio