Dicke quantum spin glass of atoms and photons

Recent studies of strongly interacting atoms and photons in optical cavities have rekindled interest in the Dicke model of atomic qubits coupled to discrete photon cavity modes. We study the multimode Dicke model with variable atom-photon couplings. We argue that a quantum spin glass phase can appear, with a random linear combination of the cavity modes superradiant. We compute atomic and photon spectral response functions across this quantum phase transition, both of which should be accessible in experiment.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures, v2: described quantum optics set-up in more detail; extended discussion on photon correlation functions and experimental signatures; added reference

‘Avoidance Preening’, Displacement Behavior and Co-Dependency in Professional Team Sport: When Wants Become More Important Than Needs

An athlete's body plays an important role in their performance and well-being. However, game-relevant skills are better determinants of success, compared with physical fitness, in technically-driven team sports. In the professional era, over utilization of resources, in pursuit of physical optimization, can detract from time spent on priorities. Athletes' non-strategic, time-demanding focus on physical preparation/treatments resembles avian 'avoidance preening', whereby stressful situations trigger birds to excessively preen in place of more productive activities. The purpose of this commentary is to explore the behaviors of resource-rich professional teams and the roles of staff dedicated to optimizing physical performance, including circumstances that foster avoidance behavior and create the potential for practitioners to encourage co-dependent relationships with athletes. To cultivate healthy/productive environments, the following is recommended: I) recognition of non-productive avoidance behaviors; II) eschewing unjustified, fear promoting, pathoanatomical language; III) fostering collaborative approaches; IV) encouraging utilization of psychology services; V) recognizing that optimal physical function and feeling good is rarely the primary goal in professional team sports. Level of Evidence: 5

Anomalous Lattice Response at the Mott Transition in a Quasi-2D Organic Conductor

Discontinuous changes of the lattice parameters at the Mott metal-insulator transition are detected by high-resolution dilatometry on deuterated crystals of the layered organic conductor $\kappa$-(BEDT-TTF)$_{2}$Cu[N(CN)$_{2}$]Br. The uniaxial expansivities uncover a striking and unexpected anisotropy, notably a zero-effect along the in-plane c-axis along which the electronic interactions are relatively strong. A huge thermal expansion anomaly is observed near the end-point of the first-order transition line enabling to explore the critical behavior with very high sensitivity. The analysis yields critical fluctuations with an exponent $\tilde{\alpha} \simeq$ 0.8 $\pm$ 0.15 at odds with the novel criticality recently proposed for these materials [Kagawa \textit{et al.}, Nature \textbf{436}, 534 (2005)]. Our data suggest an intricate role of the lattice degrees of freedom in the Mott transition for the present materials.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure

Ferromagnetism in Correlated Electron Systems: Generalization of Nagaoka's Theorem

Nagaoka's theorem on ferromagnetism in the Hubbard model with one electron less than half filling is generalized to the case where all possible nearest-neighbor Coulomb interactions (the density-density interaction $V$, bond-charge interaction $X$, exchange interaction $F$, and hopping of double occupancies $F'$) are included. It is shown that for ferromagnetic exchange coupling ($F>0$) ground states with maximum spin are stable already at finite Hubbard interaction $U>U_c$. For non-bipartite lattices this requires a hopping amplitude $t\leq0$. For vanishing $F$ one obtains $U_c\to\infty$ as in Nagaoka's theorem. This shows that the exchange interaction $F$ is important for stabilizing ferromagnetism at finite $U$. Only in the special case $X=t$ the ferromagnetic state is stable even for $F=0$, provided the lattice allows the hole to move around loops.Comment: 13 pages, uuencoded postscript, includes 1 table and 2 figure

The role of waterborne carbon in the greenhouse gas balance of drained and re-wetted peatlands

Accounting for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals in managed ecosystems has generally focused on direct land-atmosphere fluxes, but in peatlands a significant proportion of total carbon loss occurs via fluvial transport. This study considers the composition of this ‘waterborne carbon’ flux, its potential contribution to GHG emissions, and the extent to which it may change in response to land-management. The work describes, and builds on, a methodology to account for major components of these emissions developed for the 2013 Wetland Supplement of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. We identify two major components of GHG emissions from waterbodies draining organic soil: i) ‘on site’ emissions of methane (and to a lesser extent CO2) from drainage ditches located within the peatland; and ii) ‘off site’ emissions of CO2 resulting from downstream oxidation of dissolved and particulate organic carbon (DOC and POC) within the aquatic system. Methane emissions from ditches were found to be large in many cases (mean 60 g CH4 m-2 yr-1 based on all reported values), countering the view that methane emissions cease following wetland drainage. Emissions were greatest from ditches in intensive agricultural peatlands, but data were sparse and showed high variability. For DOC, the magnitude of the natural flux varied strongly with latitude, from 5 g C m-2 yr-1 in northern boreal peatlands to 60 g C m-2 yr-1 in tropical peatlands. Available data suggest that DOC fluxes increase by around 60% following drainage, and that this increase may be reversed in the longer-term through re-wetting, although variability between studies was high, especially in relation to re-wetting response. Evidence regarding the fate of DOC is complex and inconclusive, but overall suggests that the majority of DOC exported from peatlands is converted to CO2 through photo- and/or bio-degradation in rivers, standing waters and oceans. The contribution of POC export to GHG emissions is even more uncertain, but we estimate that over half of exported POC may eventually be converted to CO2. Although POC fluxes are normally small, they can become very large when bare peat surfaces are exposed to fluvial erosion. Overall, we estimate that waterborne carbon emissions may contribute about 1 to 4 t CO2-eq ha-1 yr-1 of additional GHG emissions from drained peatlands. For a number of worked examples this represented around 15 to 50% of total GHG emissions

Cloning and characterisation of a maize carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (ZmCCD1) and its involvement in the biosynthesis of apocarotenoids with various roles in mutualistic and parasitic interactions

Colonisation of maize roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi leads to the accumulation of apocarotenoids (cyclohexenone and mycorradicin derivatives). Other root apocarotenoids (strigolactones) are involved in signalling during early steps of the AM symbiosis but also in stimulation of germination of parasitic plant seeds. Both apocarotenoid classes are predicted to originate from cleavage of a carotenoid substrate by a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase (CCD), but the precursors and cleavage enzymes are unknown. A Zea mays CCD (ZmCCD1) was cloned by RT-PCR and characterised by expression in carotenoid accumulating E. coli strains and analysis of cleavage products using GC¿MS. ZmCCD1 efficiently cleaves carotenoids at the 9, 10 position and displays 78% amino acid identity to Arabidopsis thaliana CCD1 having similar properties. ZmCCD1 transcript levels were shown to be elevated upon root colonisation by AM fungi. Mycorrhization led to a decrease in seed germination of the parasitic plant Striga hermonthica as examined in a bioassay. ZmCCD1 is proposed to be involved in cyclohexenone and mycorradicin formation in mycorrhizal maize roots but not in strigolactone formatio

Quantifying Training and Game Demands of a National Basketball Association Season.

Purpose: There are currently no data describing combined practice and game load demands throughout a National Basketball Association (NBA) season. The primary objective of this study was to integrate external load data garnered from all on-court activity throughout an NBA season, according to different activity and player characteristics. Methods: Data from 14 professional male basketball players (mean ± SD; age, 27.3 ± 4.8 years; height, 201.0 ± 7.2 cm; body mass, 104.9 ± 10.6 kg) playing for the same club during the 2017-2018 NBA season were retrospectively analyzed. Game and training data were integrated to create a consolidated external load measure, which was termed integrated load. Players were categorized by years of NBA experience (1-2y, 3-5y, 6-9y, and 10 + y), position (frontcourt and backcourt), and playing rotation status (starter, rotation, and bench). Results: Total weekly duration was significantly different (p < 0.001) between years of NBA playing experience, with duration highest in 3-5 year players, compared with 6-9 (d = 0.46) and 10+ (d = 0.78) year players. Starters experienced the highest integrated load, compared with bench (d = 0.77) players. There were no significant differences in integrated load or duration between positions. Conclusion: This is the first study to describe the seasonal training loads of NBA players for an entire season and shows that a most training load is accumulated in non-game activities. This study highlights the need for integrated and unobtrusive training load monitoring, with engagement of all stakeholders to develop well-informed individualized training prescription to optimize preparation of NBA players

Determining ethylene group disorder levels in κ\kappa-(BEDT-TTF)2_2Cu[N(CN)2_2]Br

We present a detailed structural investigation of the organic superconductor $\kappa$-(BEDT-TTF)$_2$Cu[N(CN)$_2$]Br at temperatures $T$ from 9 to 300 K. Anomalies in the $T$ dependence of the lattice parameters are associated with a glass-like transition previously reported at $T_g$ = 77 K. From structure refinements at 9, 100 and 300 K, the orthorhombic crystalline symmetry, space group {\it Pnma}, is established at all temperatures. Further, we extract the $T$ dependence of the occupation factor of the eclipsed conformation of the terminal ethylene groups of the BEDT-TTF molecule. At 300 K, we find 67(2) %, with an increase to 97(3) % at 9 K. We conclude that the glass-like transition is not primarily caused by configurational freezing-out of the ethylene groups

Expression and function of the bHLH genes ALCATRAZ and SPATULA in selected Solanaceae species

[EN] The genetic mechanisms underlying fruit development have been identified in Arabidopsis and have been comparatively studied in tomato as a representative of fleshy fruits. However, comparative expression and functional analyses on the bHLH genes downstream the genetic network, ALCATRAZ (ALC) and SPATULA (SPT), which are involved in the formation of the dehiscence zone in Arabidopsis, have not been functionally studied in the Solanaceae. Here, we perform detailed expression and functional studies of ALC/SPT homologs in Nicotiana obtusifolia with capsules, and in Capsicum annuum and Solanum lycopersicum with berries. In Solanaceae, ALC and SPT genes are expressed in leaves, and all floral organs, especially in petal margins, stamens and carpels; however, their expression changes during fruit maturation according to the fruit type. Functional analyses show that downregulation of ALC/SPT genes does not have an effect on gynoecium patterning; however, they have acquired opposite roles in petal expansion and have been co-opted in leaf pigmentation in Solanaceae. In addition, ALC/SPT genes repress lignification in time and space during fruit development in Solanaceae. Altogether, some roles of ALC and SPT genes are different between Brassicaceae and Solanaceae; while the paralogs have undergone some subfunctionalization in the former they are mostly redundant in the latter.This work was funded by COLCIENCIAS (111565842812), the iCOOP + 2016 COOPB20250 from the Centro Superior de Investigación Científica, CSIC, the ExpoSeed (H2020.MSCA-RISE-2015-691109) EU grant, the Convocatoria Programáticas 2017-16302, and the Estrategia de Sostenibilidad 2018-2019, from the Universidad de Antioquia. The authors would like to thank the group members of the Ferrándiz and Madueño Labs at IBMCP-UPV for training and help in the standardization of in situ hybridization. Finally, the authors thank Ricardo Callejas and Zulma Monsalve, from the Universidad de Antioquia, for their helpful suggestions during this research.Ortiz-Ramirez, CI.; Giraldo, MA.; Ferrandiz Maestre, C.; Pabon-Mora, N. (2019). Expression and function of the bHLH genes ALCATRAZ and SPATULA in selected Solanaceae species. The Plant Journal. 99(4):686-702. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14352S686702994Golam Masu, A. S. M., Khandaker, L., Berthold, J., Gates, L., Peters, K., Delong, H., & Hossain, K. (2011). Anthocyanin, Total Polyphenols and Antioxidant Activity of Common Bean. American Journal of Food Technology, 6(5), 385-394. doi:10.3923/ajft.2011.385.394Atchley, W. R., Terhalle, W., & Dress, A. (1999). Positional Dependence, Cliques, and Predictive Motifs in the bHLH Protein Domain. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 48(5), 501-516. doi:10.1007/pl00006494Ballester, P., & Ferrándiz, C. (2017). Shattering fruits: variations on a dehiscent theme. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 35, 68-75. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.11.008Baudry, A., Heim, M. A., Dubreucq, B., Caboche, M., Weisshaar, B., & Lepiniec, L. (2004). TT2, TT8, and TTG1 synergistically specify the expression ofBANYULSand proanthocyanidin biosynthesis inArabidopsis thaliana. The Plant Journal, 39(3), 366-380. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2004.02138.xBemer, M., Karlova, R., Ballester, A. R., Tikunov, Y. M., Bovy, A. G., Wolters-Arts, M., … de Maagd, R. A. (2012). The Tomato FRUITFULL Homologs TDR4/FUL1 and MBP7/FUL2 Regulate Ethylene-Independent Aspects of Fruit Ripening. The Plant Cell, 24(11), 4437-4451. doi:10.1105/tpc.112.103283Besseau, S., Hoffmann, L., Geoffroy, P., Lapierre, C., Pollet, B., & Legrand, M. (2007). Flavonoid Accumulation in Arabidopsis Repressed in Lignin Synthesis Affects Auxin Transport and Plant Growth. The Plant Cell, 19(1), 148-162. doi:10.1105/tpc.106.044495Dardick, C., & Callahan, A. M. (2014). Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5. doi:10.3389/fpls.2014.00284Dardick, C. D., Callahan, A. M., Chiozzotto, R., Schaffer, R. J., Piagnani, M. C., & Scorza, R. (2010). Stone formation in peach fruit exhibits spatial coordination of the lignin and flavonoid pathways and similarity to Arabidopsisdehiscence. BMC Biology, 8(1). doi:10.1186/1741-7007-8-13Dinneny, J. R., Weigel, D., & Yanofsky, M. F. (2005). A genetic framework for fruit patterning inArabidopsis thaliana. Development, 132(21), 4687-4696. doi:10.1242/dev.02062Dong, Y., Burch-Smith, T. M., Liu, Y., Mamillapalli, P., & Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. (2007). A Ligation-Independent Cloning Tobacco Rattle Virus Vector for High-Throughput Virus-Induced Gene Silencing Identifies Roles for NbMADS4-1 and -2 in Floral Development. Plant Physiology, 145(4), 1161-1170. doi:10.1104/pp.107.107391Dong, T., Hu, Z., Deng, L., Wang, Y., Zhu, M., Zhang, J., & Chen, G. (2013). A Tomato MADS-Box Transcription Factor, SlMADS1, Acts as a Negative Regulator of Fruit Ripening. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY, 163(2), 1026-1036. doi:10.1104/pp.113.224436Feller, A., Machemer, K., Braun, E. L., & Grotewold, E. (2011). Evolutionary and comparative analysis of MYB and bHLH plant transcription factors. The Plant Journal, 66(1), 94-116. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2010.04459.xFerrandiz, C. (2002). Regulation of fruit dehiscence in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53(377), 2031-2038. doi:10.1093/jxb/erf082Ferrándiz, C., Liljegren, S. J., & Yanofsky, M. F. (2000). Negative Regulation of the SHATTERPROOF Genes by FRUITFULL During Arabidopsis Fruit Development. Science, 289(5478), 436-438. doi:10.1126/science.289.5478.436Fourquin, C., & Ferrándiz, C. (2012). Functional analyses of AGAMOUS family members in Nicotiana benthamiana clarify the evolution of early and late roles of C-function genes in eudicots. The Plant Journal, 71(6), 990-1001. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2012.05046.xFourquin, C., & Ferrándiz, C. (2014). The essential role of NGATHA genes in style and stigma specification is widely conserved across eudicots. New Phytologist, 202(3), 1001-1013. doi:10.1111/nph.12703Fujisawa, M., Nakano, T., & Ito, Y. (2011). Identification of potential target genes for the tomato fruit-ripening regulator RIN by chromatin immunoprecipitation. BMC Plant Biology, 11(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2229-11-26Fujisawa, M., Shima, Y., Higuchi, N., Nakano, T., Koyama, Y., Kasumi, T., & Ito, Y. (2011). Direct targets of the tomato-ripening regulator RIN identified by transcriptome and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses. Planta, 235(6), 1107-1122. doi:10.1007/s00425-011-1561-2Garceau, D. C., Batson, M. K., & Pan, I. L. (2017). Variations on a theme in fruit development: the PLE lineage of MADS-box genes in tomato (TAGL1) and other species. Planta, 246(2), 313-321. doi:10.1007/s00425-017-2725-5Girin, T., Paicu, T., Stephenson, P., Fuentes, S., Körner, E., O’Brien, M., … Østergaard, L. (2011). INDEHISCENT and SPATULA Interact to Specify Carpel and Valve Margin Tissue and Thus Promote Seed Dispersal in Arabidopsis  . The Plant Cell, 23(10), 3641-3653. doi:10.1105/tpc.111.090944Gomariz-Fernández, A., Sánchez-Gerschon, V., Fourquin, C., & Ferrándiz, C. (2017). The Role of SHI/STY/SRS Genes in Organ Growth and Carpel Development Is Conserved in the Distant Eudicot Species Arabidopsis thaliana and Nicotiana benthamiana. Frontiers in Plant Science, 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00814Gould, K. S. (2000). Functional role of anthocyanins in the leaves of Quintinia serrata A. Cunn. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51(347), 1107-1115. doi:10.1093/jexbot/51.347.1107Groszmann, M., Paicu, T., & Smyth, D. R. (2008). Functional domains of SPATULA, a bHLH transcription factor involved in carpel and fruit development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Journal, 55(1), 40-52. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03469.xGroszmann, M., Bylstra, Y., Lampugnani, E. R., & Smyth, D. R. (2010). Regulation of tissue-specific expression of SPATULA, a bHLH gene involved in carpel development, seedling germination, and lateral organ growth in Arabidopsis. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(5), 1495-1508. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq015Groszmann, M., Paicu, T., Alvarez, J. P., Swain, S. M., & Smyth, D. R. (2011). SPATULA and ALCATRAZ, are partially redundant, functionally diverging bHLH genes required for Arabidopsis gynoecium and fruit development. The Plant Journal, 68(5), 816-829. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2011.04732.xHorbowicz, M., Kosson, R., Grzesiuk, A., & Dębski, H. (2008). Anthocyanins of Fruits and Vegetables - Their Occurrence, Analysis and Role in Human Nutrition. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 68(1), 5-22. doi:10.2478/v10032-008-0001-8Ichihashi, Y., Horiguchi, G., Gleissberg, S., & Tsukaya, H. (2009). The bHLH Transcription Factor SPATULA Controls Final Leaf Size in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant and Cell Physiology, 51(2), 252-261. doi:10.1093/pcp/pcp184Itkin, M., Seybold, H., Breitel, D., Rogachev, I., Meir, S., & Aharoni, A. (2009). TOMATO AGAMOUS-LIKEâ 1 is a component of the fruit ripening regulatory network. The Plant Journal, 60(6), 1081-1095. doi:10.1111/j.1365-313x.2009.04064.xIto, Y., Nishizawa-Yokoi, A., Endo, M., Mikami, M., Shima, Y., Nakamura, N., … Toki, S. (2017). Re-evaluation of the rin mutation and the role of RIN in the induction of tomato ripening. Nature Plants, 3(11), 866-874. doi:10.1038/s41477-017-0041-5KAY, Q. O. N., DAOUD, H. S., & STIRTON, C. H. (1981). Pigment distribution, light reflection and cell structure in petals. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 83(1), 57-83. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1981.tb00129.xLiljegren, S. J., Ditta, G. S., Eshed, Y., Savidge, B., Bowman, J. L., & Yanofsky, M. F. (2000). SHATTERPROOF MADS-box genes control seed dispersal in Arabidopsis. Nature, 404(6779), 766-770. doi:10.1038/35008089Liljegren, S. J., Roeder, A. H. ., Kempin, S. A., Gremski, K., Østergaard, L., Guimil, S., … Yanofsky, M. F. (2004). Control of Fruit Patterning in Arabidopsis by INDEHISCENT. Cell, 116(6), 843-853. doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00217-xLiu, E., & Page, J. E. (2008). Optimized cDNA libraries for virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) using tobacco rattle virus. Plant Methods, 4(1), 5. doi:10.1186/1746-4811-4-5Liu, Y., Schiff, M., Marathe, R., & Dinesh-Kumar, S. P. (2002). Tobacco Rar1, EDS1 and NPR1/NIM1 like genes are required for N-mediated resistance to tobacco mosaic virus. The Plant Journal, 30(4), 415-429. doi:10.1046/j.1365-313x.2002.01297.xLivak, K. J., & Schmittgen, T. D. (2001). Analysis of Relative Gene Expression Data Using Real-Time Quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT Method. Methods, 25(4), 402-408. doi:10.1006/meth.2001.1262Nesi, N., Debeaujon, I., Jond, C., Pelletier, G., Caboche, M., & Lepiniec, L. (2000). The TT8 Gene Encodes a Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Domain Protein Required for Expression of DFR and BAN Genes in Arabidopsis Siliques. The Plant Cell, 12(10), 1863-1878. doi:10.1105/tpc.12.10.1863Ortiz-Ramírez, C. I., Plata-Arboleda, S., & Pabón-Mora, N. (2018). Evolution of genes associated with gynoecium patterning and fruit development in Solanaceae. Annals of Botany, 121(6), 1211-1230. doi:10.1093/aob/mcy007Pabón-Mora, N., & Litt, A. (2011). Comparative anatomical and developmental analysis of dry and fleshy fruits of Solanaceae. American Journal of Botany, 98(9), 1415-1436. doi:10.3732/ajb.1100097Pabón-Mora, N., Ambrose, B. A., & Litt, A. (2012). Poppy APETALA1/FRUITFULL Orthologs Control Flowering Time, Branching, Perianth Identity, and Fruit Development    . Plant Physiology, 158(4), 1685-1704. doi:10.1104/pp.111.192104Pan, I. L., McQuinn, R., Giovannoni, J. J., & Irish, V. F. (2010). Functional diversification of AGAMOUS lineage genes in regulating tomato flower and fruit development. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(6), 1795-1806. doi:10.1093/jxb/erq046Penfield, S., Josse, E.-M., Kannangara, R., Gilday, A. D., Halliday, K. J., & Graham, I. A. (2005). Cold and Light Control Seed Germination through the bHLH Transcription Factor SPATULA. Current Biology, 15(22), 1998-2006. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.11.010Pires, N., & Dolan, L. (2009). Origin and Diversification of Basic-Helix-Loop-Helix Proteins in Plants. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 27(4), 862-874. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp288Rajani, S., & Sundaresan, V. (2001). The Arabidopsis myc/bHLH gene ALCATRAZ enables cell separation in fruit dehiscence. Current Biology, 11(24), 1914-1922. doi:10.1016/s0960-9822(01)00593-0Roeder, A. H. K., & Yanofsky, M. F. (2006). Fruit Development in Arabidopsis. The Arabidopsis Book, 4, e0075. doi:10.1199/tab.0075Roeder, A. H. K., Ferrándiz, C., & Yanofsky, M. F. (2003). The Role of the REPLUMLESS Homeodomain Protein in Patterning the Arabidopsis Fruit. Current Biology, 13(18), 1630-1635. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2003.08.027Schulz, M., & Weissenböck, G. (1986). Isolation and Separation of Epidermal and Mesophyll Protoplasts from Rye Primary Leaves — Tissue-Specific Characteristics of Secondary Phenolic Product Accumulation. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung C, 41(1-2), 22-27. doi:10.1515/znc-1986-1-205Seymour, G. B., Østergaard, L., Chapman, N. H., Knapp, S., & Martin, C. (2013). Fruit Development and Ripening. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 64(1), 219-241. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-050312-120057Smykal, P., Gennen, J., De Bodt, S., Ranganath, V., & Melzer, S. (2007). Flowering of strict photoperiodic Nicotiana varieties in non-inductive conditions by transgenic approaches. Plant Molecular Biology, 65(3), 233-242. doi:10.1007/s11103-007-9211-6Tani, E., Polidoros, A. N., & Tsaftaris, A. S. (2007). Characterization and expression analysis of FRUITFULL- and SHATTERPROOF-like genes from peach (Prunus persica) and their role in split-pit formation. Tree Physiology, 27(5), 649-659. doi:10.1093/treephys/27.5.649Tani, E., Tsaballa, A., Stedel, C., Kalloniati, C., Papaefthimiou, D., Polidoros, A., … Tsaftaris, A. (2011). The study of a SPATULA-like bHLH transcription factor expressed during peach (Prunus persica) fruit development. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 49(6), 654-663. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2011.01.020Tisza, V., Kovács, L., Balogh, A., Heszky, L., & Kiss, E. (2010). Characterization of FaSPT, a SPATULA gene encoding a bHLH transcriptional factor from the non-climacteric strawberry fruit. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 48(10-11), 822-826. doi:10.1016/j.plaphy.2010.08.001Van der Kooi, C. J., Elzenga, J. T. M., Staal, M., & Stavenga, D. G. (2016). How to colour a flower: on the optical principles of flower coloration. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 283(1830), 20160429. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0429Vrebalov, J., Ruezinsky, D., Padmanabhan, V., White, R., Medrano, D., Drake, R., … Giovannoni, J. (2002). A MADS-Box Gene Necessary for Fruit Ripening at the Tomato Ripening-Inhibitor ( Rin ) Locus. Science, 296(5566), 343-346. doi:10.1126/science.1068181Vrebalov, J., Pan, I. L., Arroyo, A. J. M., McQuinn, R., Chung, M., Poole, M., … Irish, V. F. (2009). Fleshy Fruit Expansion and Ripening Are Regulated by the Tomato SHATTERPROOF Gene TAGL1    . The Plant Cell, 21(10), 3041-3062. doi:10.1105/tpc.109.066936Xu, W., Dubos, C., & Lepiniec, L. (2015). Transcriptional control of flavonoid biosynthesis by MYB–bHLH–WDR complexes. Trends in Plant Science, 20(3), 176-185. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.12.001Zumajo-Cardona, C., Ambrose, B. A., & Pabón-Mora, N. (2017). Evolution of the SPATULA/ALCATRAZ gene lineage and expression analyses in the basal eudicot, Bocconia frutescens L. (Papaveraceae). EvoDevo, 8(1). doi:10.1186/s13227-017-0068-

Cosmological Neutrino Entanglement and Quantum Pressure

Context: The widespread view that cosmological neutrinos, even if massive, are well described since the decoupling redshift z~10^10 down to the present epoch by an almost perfectly collisionless fluid of classical point particles is re-examined. Aims: In view of the likely sub-eV rest mass of neutrinos, the main effects due to their fermionic nature are studied. Methods: By numerical means we calculate the accurate entropy, fugacity and pressure of cosmological neutrinos in the Universe expansion. By solving the Schroedinger equation we derive how and how fast semi-degenerate identical free fermions become entangled. Results: We find that for sub-eV neutrinos the exchange degeneracy has significantly increased during the relativistic to non-relativistic transition epoch at z~10^4-10^5. At all times neutrinos become entangled in less than 10^-6 s, much faster than any plausible decoherence time. The total pressure is increased by quantum effect from 5% at high redshifts to 68% at low redshifts with respect to a collisionless classical fluid. Conclusions: The quantum overpressure has no dynamical consequences in the homogeneous regime at high redshifts, but must be significant for neutrino clustering during the non-linear structure formation epoch at low redshifts.Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures, accepted version to Astronomy & Astrophysics (no change, correct wrong TeX rendering