Trends in office internal gains and the impact on space heating and cooling demands

Internal gains from occupants, equipment and lighting contribute a significant proportion of the heat gains in an office space. Looking at trends in Generation-Y, it appears there are two diverging paths for future ICT demand: one where energy demand is carefully regulated and the other where productivity enhancers such as multiple monitors and media walls causes an explosion of energy demand within the space. These internal gains scenarios were simulated on a variety of different building archetypes to test their influence on the space heating and cooling demand. It was demonstrated that in offices with a high quality facade, internal gains are the dominant factor. As a case study, it was shown that natural ventilation is only possible when the ICT demand is carefully regulated

Studies toward the total synthesis of tagetitoxin

This thesis comprises an attempted total synthesis of the bacterial metabolite tagetitoxin. Section 1 comprises a literature review covering tagetitoxin, its biological activity, the mechanism of biological transcription, the isolation and characterisation of tagetitoxin, previous synthetic efforts toward tagetitoxin in the Porter group, the successful total synthesis of tagetitoxin by the Baran group and a brief introduction to the computational methods used to investigate chemical reactions and predict nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of key intermediates in the synthesis. Section 2 comprises a summary of the aims of the project. Section 3 comprises an explanation of the synthetic strategy planned for the project. Section 4 comprises a discussion of the attempted synthesis of tagetitoxin. Several literature routes to retrosynthetic sub-targets were attempted and evaluated. Thereafter, the most advanced synthetic route developed is described, focusing on the synthesis of a highly functionalised cyclopentanoid. Key synthetic details include stereochemical induction via a nitroaldol reaction, 5-membered ring formation by 1,5-CH insertion and functionalisation of the formed ring by nucleophilic epoxidation and a series of intramolecular and substrate-controlled reactions to control the regio- and stereochemistry. The most advanced intermediate bears 4 of the 5 stereocentres of the 5-membered ring of tagetitoxin with the correct substituents and was synthesised from glyceraldehyde acetonide in 19.6% yield over 13 steps. After being unable to determine the stereochemistry of the final product, DFT NMR predictions were carried out to add support to the proposed stereochemistry of the final product. Section 5 evaluates the synthesis and lays out future work that could be performed to complete the synthesis

Testing of the high accuracy inertial navigation system in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Lab

The description, results, and interpretation is presented of comparison testing between the High Accuracy Inertial Navigation System (HAINS) and KT-70 Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The objective was to show the HAINS can replace the KT-70 IMU in the space shuttle Orbiter, both singularly and totally. This testing was performed in the Guidance, Navigation, and Control Test Station (GTS) of the Shuttle Avionics Integration Lab (SAIL). A variety of differences between the two instruments are explained. Four, 5 day test sessions were conducted varying the number and slot position of the HAINS and KT-70 IMUs. The various steps in the calibration and alignment procedure are explained. Results and their interpretation are presented. The HAINS displayed a high level of performance accuracy previously unseen with the KT-70 IMU. The most significant improvement of the performance came in the Tuned Inertial/Extended Launch Hold tests. The HAINS exceeded the 4 hr specification requirement. The results obtained from the SAIL tests were generally well beyond the requirements of the procurement specification

It goes with the territory: Ownership across spatial boundaries.

Previous studies have shown that people are faster to process objects that they own as compared with objects that other people own. Yet object ownership is embedded within a social environment that has distinct and sometimes competing rules for interaction. Here we ask whether ownership of space can act as a filter through which we process what belongs to us. Can a sense of territory modulate the well-established benefits in information processing that owned objects enjoy? In 4 experiments participants categorized their own or another person’s objects that appeared in territories assigned either to themselves or to another. We consistently found that faster processing of self-owned than other-owned objects only emerged for objects appearing in the self-territory, with no such advantage in other territories. We propose that knowing whom spaces belong to may serve to define the space in which affordances resulting from ownership lead to facilitated processing

Rural-urban fringe of Edinburgh 1850 - 1967

The rural-urban fringe is that zone around a city into which the urban area is expanding, but which still retains much of its agricultural and open space character. Studies of this transitional area have been carried out around maiy cities in North America whereas British cities have hot been so intensively investigated. An historical study was undertaken to establish whether or not a fringe existed prior to the introduction of the automobile, since many American researchers have attributed the emergence of this zone to the increased personal mobility made possible by widespread car ownership. In order to determine the character and changes which have taken place in the form of urban growth an analysis was made of Edinburgh at twenty year intervals after 1850. At each period the inner fringe boundary was delimited,forming a line outwards from which the spread of urban land uses could be identified. In addition a study was made of the degree of agricultural orientation towards the Edinburgh market at ten year intervals after 1866. These detailed investigations established the fact that during tho 19th century urban growth was limited to the immediate vicinity of the built-up area, beyond which was a scatter of institutions and several villages whioh had begun to assume a dormitory role. In contrast to this restricted zone of urban expansion poor transport facilities for bulky and perishable agricultural produce gave rise to a wide ring of urban oriented farming activity. After 1900 improved transportation media allied with a demand for houses with gardens in semi-rural surroundings led to a rapid outward growth of Edinburgh along the main roads reaching out to and beyond the older dormitory villages. The growing demand for recreation facilities resulted in the multiplication of perks, playing fields and golf courses, which along with many institutions and agriculture infilled the interstices between the tentacles of urban growth. The implementation of planning legislation in 1947 brought free urban expansion to an end and resulted in the infilling of the star pattern giving rise to a compact urban area around which a Green Belt of agricultural, recreational and institutional land uses was established. This restricted area has forced new urban expansion out of the towns and villages beyond the belt giving rise to a ring of satellite settlements quite separate from the city. Improved transport has negated the necessity for agriculture to depend on the adjacent urban market. This means that the fringe area at the present time is dependent on a few rural land uses which contrasts with the important role played by agriculture during the 19th century. The form and process of urban growth over the last one hundred years, which had been identified with reference to Edinburgh, were then compared with the more extensively documented rural urban fringe areas around North American cities. In this comparison the differences and similarities between them were highlighted and wherever possible accounted for. In the appendices a full account is given of the premises used in delimiting the inner boundary of the fringe as well as functions and area which should be investigated in order that the area! extent of the rural-urban fringe around cities in the United Kingdom may be determined

Multidimensional integrable systems and deformations of Lie algebra homomorphisms

We use deformations of Lie algebra homomorphisms to construct deformations of dispersionless integrable systems arising as symmetry reductions of anti--self--dual Yang--Mills equations with a gauge group Diff$(S^1)$.Comment: 14 pages. An example of a reduction to the Beltrami equation added. New title. Final version, published in JM

Incidental learning of trust from identity-contingent gaze cues: boundaries, extensions and applications.

Monitoring the trustworthiness of social interaction partners is a cornerstone of social cognition. However, the mechanics of learning about trust during online interactions as a result of a person’s behaviour can be difficult to explore. The current experiments use a gaze cueing paradigm where faces provide either valid (always shift their gaze towards the location of a subsequent target), or invalid cues (always shift their gaze to a different location). Following gaze cueing, participants rate valid faces as more trustworthy than invalid faces. We show that this incidental trust learning is sensitive to the emotional expression of the face, is specific to assessments of trust, occurs outside of conscious awareness, and is driven primarily by a decrease in trust for invalid faces (Chapter 2), perhaps reflecting a cheater detection module. Memory for incidentally learned trust is surprisingly durable, is affected by the familiarity of the cueing faces (Chapter 3), and does not affect memory for the faces’ physical features, nor does the trustworthiness of the face generalise to other stimuli (Chapter 4). Furthermore, learning is modulated by top-down knowledge of social group membership − when group identity is made experimentally salient, participants default to a group-level representation as a heuristic for social judgements (Chapter 5), while using naturally occurring group memberships (i.e. race) results in better learning for in-group members than out-group (Chapter 6). Finally, while there is evidence that trust learning is driven by learning about eye-gaze behaviour, this cannot be explained purely by disruptions to visuomotor fluency (Chapter 7), which suggests that this phenomenon is part of an active social monitoring framework that relies on physical changes or behaviours in a face to affect subsequent social judgements

Demonstration of Multiple Esterases of the Human Dental Pulp After Electrophoresis in Starch and Acrylamide Gels

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/67050/2/10.1177_00220345670460065501.pd

Incidental learning of trust from eye-gaze: Effects of race and facial trustworthiness

Humans rapidly make inferences about individuals’ trustworthiness on the basis of their facial features and perceived group membership. We examine whether incidental learning about trust from shifts in gaze direction is influenced by these facial features. To do so, we examined two types of face category: the race of the face and the initial trustworthiness of the face based on physical appearance. We find that cueing of attention by eye-gaze is unaffected by race or initial levels of trust, whereas incidental learning of trust from gaze behaviour is selectively influenced. That is, learning of trust is reduced for other race faces, as predicted by reduced abilities to identify members of other races (Experiment 1). In contrast, converging findings from an independently gathered set of data showed that the initial trustworthiness of faces did not influence learning of trust (Experiment 2). These results show that learning about the behaviour of other race faces is poorer than for own-race faces, but that this cannot be explained by differences in the perceived trustworthiness of different groups