Driving outcomes among older adults: A systematic review on racial and ethnic differences over 20 years

The population of older adults (aged 65 years and older) in the United States will become more racially and ethnically diverse in the next three decades. Additionally, the growth of the aging population will come with an expansion in the number of older drivers and an increased prevalence of chronic neurological conditions. A major gap in the aging literature is an almost exclusive focus on homogenous, non-Hispanic white samples of older adults. It is unclear if this extends to the driving literature. A systematic review of SCOPUS, PubMed, CINAHL Plus, and Web of Science examined articles on driving and racial/ethnic differences among older adults. Eighteen studies met inclusion criteria and their results indicate that racial and ethnic minorities face a greater risk for driving reduction, mobility restriction, and driving cessation. The majority of studies compared African Americans to non-Hispanic whites but only examined race as a covariate. Only four studies explicitly examined racial/ethnic differences. Future research in aging and driving research needs to be more inclusive and actively involve different racial/ethnic groups in study design and analysis

Decision Tree Analysis as a Supplementary Tool to Enhance Histomorphological Differentiation when Distinguishing Human from Non-human Cranial Bone in both Burnt and Unburnt States: A feasibility study

This feasibility study was undertaken to describe and record the histological characteristics of burnt and unburnt cranial bone fragments from human and non-human bones. Reference series of fully mineralised, transverse sections of cranial bone, from all variables and specimen states were prepared by manual cutting and semi-automated grinding and polishing methods. A photomicrograph catalogue reflecting differences in burnt and unburnt bone from human and non-humans was recorded and qualitative analysis was performed using an established classification system based on primary bone characteristics. The histomorphology associated with human and non-human samples was, for the main part, preserved following burning at high temperature. Clearly, fibro-lamellar complex tissue subtypes, such as plexiform or laminar primary bone, were only present in non-human bones. A decision tree analysis based on histological features provided a definitive identification key for distinguishing human from non-human bone, with an accuracy of 100%. The decision tree for samples where burning was unknown was 96% accurate, and multi-step classification to taxon was possible with 100% accuracy. The results of this feasibility study, strongly suggest that histology remains a viable alternative technique if fragments of cranial bone require forensic examination in both burnt and unburnt states. The decision tree analysis may provide an additional, but vital tool to enhance data interpretation. Further studies are needed to assess variation in histomorphology taking into account other cranial bones, ontogeny, species and burning conditions

The development of Daphnia magna

A general account is given of the development of Daphnia magna from the egg to the mature adult. A review of previous work reveals that authors have concentrated on the early development, neglecting the later development. An adequate technique has been developed.An account of the development based on living material gives a detailed series of stages. A summary of the present state of knowledge of the physiological aspects of development is included. The development of the parthenogenetic egg is described. The early development includes a superficial cleavage and gastrulation by immigration. The mesenteron develops from a solid rod of cells in the ventral part of the egg, and acquires a central cavity which never contains yolk. The yolk cells develop from the blastoderm. The mesoderm develops a single small pair of coelomic cavities, and the heart develops from a compact group of cells. The history of the dorsal organ is described. The development of the ephippial egg resembles that of the parthenogenetic egg except in some features related to the smaller and more even sized nature of the yolk globules.Daphnia magna hatches from the brood pouch of the mother as an immature adult. The account of the anatomy of the adult is a confirmation and extension of previous work, including histology and indicating function. The muscles of the mesenteron are striated, and the heart wall contains anincomplete longitudinal, as well as a circular, layer of muscles. A suggestion is made for a new interpretation of the cells of the branchial sacs. The results obtained and the importance of a large quantity of yolk are discussed.<p

The trickle-out effect of prioritizing well-being

This research builds upon previous studies of the effects of inequity theory on well-being at work. The purpose of this study was to understand the intersection of equity theory and well-being for US employees in modern corporate organizations. Specifically, the study aims to answer the research question-When one employee prioritizes their well-being, how does it affect their work teammates’ well-being? Twenty full-time corporate employees from various companies and industries each participated in a survey and an interview. Overall, this research found that prioritizing well-being at work generally positively impacts those around them. However, it has a negative impact when the teammates already find that individual to be in an over-benefitting situation by either underperforming or consistently needing support

What Will the Neighbors Think? Perceptions of Failure Intolerance on Individual Entrepreneurial Intention in the Rural Midwest

Entrepreneurship is increasingly considered the most efficacious economic development intervention, but employing research-informed efforts is important. Extensive literature links the perception of a local culture’s intolerance of business failure to extinguishing of entrepreneurial intention in a community. Some research refutes that link. This study investigated the influence of perceived failure intolerance (PFI) on entrepreneurial intention—and the influence of self-efficacy on perceived failure intolerance—in the rural Midwestern United States. The study employed a modified Delphi methodology to analyze the decision-making processes of potential entrepreneurs as interpreted by experts in rural entrepreneurship. The study provides data about the interaction of human capital and entrepreneurship, for more effective support of potential entrepreneurs. The study concludes that PFI is not a critical hindrance to entrepreneurial intention in potential entrepreneurs in the rural Midwest, but PFI can discourage certain types of people from becoming potential entrepreneurs. Communities can intervene to increase the likelihood of developing collective entrepreneurial intention

High-Sr Volcanic Domes from the Lassen Volcanic Region, Southernmost Cascade Arc, Northern California: Implications for Andesite and Dacite Magma Generation

The Onion Butte (OB) and Barkley Mountain (BM) groups are two lineaments of volcanic domes and lava flows located with the Lassen segment of the southernmost Cascades, northern California. The OB group (~2.5 Ma) consists of 13 domes that are dominantly dacitic, but span the range from andesite to dacite. The BM group (~1.5 Ma) comprises 21 domes that range from basaltic andesite to andesite, but are mostly andesitic. The lavas of both groups are petrographically similar, but differ geochemically. The lavas are fine-grained, sparsely phyric containing needle-like hornblende phenocrysts, but lack the large plagioclase phenocrysts so characteristic of typical andesitic to dacitic suites. While the groups share some geochemical characteristics, their differences are significant. The lavas of the OB group have high Sr concentrations (\u3e 1,000 ppm), low abundances of Rb and Pb, high (Sr/P)N, and have isotopic compositions that are similar to the high (Sr/P)N primitive magmas in the Lassen region. This group has the highest Sr concentrations and lowest 87Sr/86Sr compositions of any silicic lavas in the Lassen segment. The BM group is defined by higher Pb abundances, lower Th concentrations, low (Sr/P)N, and isotopic compositions similar to the low (Sr/P)N primitive magmas of the Lassen segment. The andesites of the BM group are subdivided into two subgroups based on HREE concentrations: subgroup 1 has no variation in HREE concentrations and subgroup 2 has variable HREE concentrations. Regional calc-alkaline mafic volcanism in the Lassen segment forms a compositional continuum that has been generally divided into two geochemical groups: high (Sr/P)N (\u3e 3.3) with MORB-like isotopic compositions and low (Sr/P)N (\u3c 3.3) with OIB-like compositions. The basaltic andesites from the Barkley Mountain group are geochemically and isotopically similar to the low (Sr/P)N mafic magmas. It is likely the basaltic andesites were generated by fractionation from those parental mafic magmas. The OB group are geochemically similar to the high (Sr/P)N magmas which are likely sources for the dacites of the Onion Butte group. The Barkley Mountain andesites can be produced by simple fractional crystallization from Barkley Mountain basaltic andesites. Fractional crystallization models require moderate amounts of fractionation (20-40%) with hornblende ± garnet in the fractionating assemblage to recreate observed REE patterns and HREE concentrations. In contrast, the origin of the single sample of the Onion Butte andesite proved more difficult to constrain. While major element data suggests simple mixing between the OB basaltic andesite and dacites to produce intermediate andesites, the Ni, Sr, and Nb concentrations of the andesites belies such a simplistic explanation. Addition or subtraction models of mafic material (e.g. olivine) to the dacites to reproduce andesite compositions were unsuccessful. The relationship between the Onion Butte andesite and the dacites is unclear, but both share the same geochemical and physical characteristics of the group. Partial melting of the lower continental crust with a source composition similar to the high (Sr/P)N mafic magmas results in geochemical characteristics of the Onion Butte dacites. Models were successful at reproducing observed OB dacite concentrations after 20% melting with hornblende ± garnet in the melting assemblage. Partial melting is consistent with published thermal calculations that demonstrate emplaced basaltic magmas in the lower continental crust as the heat source to induce melting. Although some geochemical characteristics of the Onion Butte dacites (high Sr, high Sr/Y, and low 87Sr/86Sr isotopic compositions) are shared with proposed slab derived melts, partial melting modeling using an eclogite mineralogy fails to reproduce observed Sr/Y concentrations. Low La/Yb ratios in the OB dacites also preclude this slab melt origin. A petrogenetic model is offered that demonstrates that: 1) BM basaltic andesites are related to regional low (Sr/P)N magmas, 2) BM andesites can be generated through fractional crystallization of BM basaltic andesites; 3) OB dacites are thought to be generated by partial melting of amphibolitic lower continental crust similar in composition to the high (Sr/P)N primitive magmas; 4) the distinctive geochemical characteristics (high Sr, high Sr/Y, low 87Sr/86Sr isotopic compositions) of the Onion Butte group likely reflects the rarity of the high (Sr/P)N primitive magmas in the Lassen segment; and 5) Sr concentrations can be used as a discriminator of magma sources in the Lassen region; and 6) both groups equilibrate with a mineral assemblage that requires hornblende ± garnet and minor plagioclase

A fine grained heuristic to capture web navigation patterns

In previous work we have proposed a statistical model to capture the user behaviour when browsing the web. The user navigation information obtained from web logs is modelled as a hypertext probabilistic grammar (HPG) which is within the class of regular probabilistic grammars. The set of highest probability strings generated by the grammar corresponds to the user preferred navigation trails. We have previously conducted experiments with a Breadth-First Search algorithm (BFS) to perform the exhaustive computation of all the strings with probability above a specified cut-point, which we call the rules. Although the algorithm’s running time varies linearly with the number of grammar states, it has the drawbacks of returning a large number of rules when the cut-point is small and a small set of very short rules when the cut-point is high. In this work, we present a new heuristic that implements an iterative deepening search wherein the set of rules is incrementally augmented by first exploring trails with high probability. A stopping parameter is provided which measures the distance between the current rule-set and its corresponding maximal set obtained by the BFS algorithm. When the stopping parameter takes the value zero the heuristic corresponds to the BFS algorithm and as the parameter takes values closer to one the number of rules obtained decreases accordingly. Experiments were conducted with both real and synthetic data and the results show that for a given cut-point the number of rules induced increases smoothly with the decrease of the stopping criterion. Therefore, by setting the value of the stopping criterion the analyst can determine the number and quality of rules to be induced; the quality of a rule is measured by both its length and probability

Viewing Porn in Academic Libraries: Critiquing ARL Member Library Policies

We reviewed Association of Research Libraries (ARL) member library policies about viewing legal online pornography in their spaces. In our review of more than 100 policies, we discovered that they were more ambiguous than expected. We discuss how our research can help inform policy review for your library and support library staff