Eighteenth Century Labrador Inuit in England

In the late 18th century, a number of Labrador Inuit were at different times taken to England. Their lives, journeys, and likenesses were unusually well documented through writings and portraiture. Presented here are the histories of Mikak and her son Tutauk, brought to England by Francis Lucas in 1767, and of Attuiock, Ickongoque, Ickeuna, Tooklavinia, and Caubvick, who traveled to England in 1772 with Captain George Cartwright. These individuals, especially Mikak, played a part in Britain’s expansion along the northeastern seaboard of Canada. Although the story is relatively well known to students of northern history, this retelling details source material and also clarifies discrepancies found in earlier publications. The portraits, which include two previously unknown depictions of Labrador Inuit, are particularly striking for their ethnographic content.Vers la fin du XVIIIe siècle, des Inuits du Labrador ont été amenés en Angleterre à différents moments. Grâce à de nombreux écrits et portraits, la vie, le voyage et la ressemblance de ces Inuits ont été inhabituellement bien consignés. Cette communication relate l’histoire de Mikak et de son fils Tutauk, qui ont été amenés en Angleterre par Francis Lucas en 1767, ainsi que les histoires de Attuiock, Ickongoque, Ickeuna, Tooklavinia et Caubvick qui ont accompagné le commandant George Cartwright en Angleterre en 1772. Ces personnes, et surtout Mikak, ont joué un rôle dans l’expansion de la Grande-Bretagne le long de la côte nord-est du Canada. Bien que leur histoire soit relativement bien connue des étudiants de l’histoire du Nord, ce récit fait état des sources originales et jette de la lumière sur les divergences trouvées dans des publications antérieures. Le contenu ethnographique des portraits, qui comprennent deux représentations auparavant inconnues d’Inuits du Labrador, est particulièrement frappant

Long-term Coastal Occupancy between Cape Charles and Trunmore Bay, Labrador

Ninety-three prehistoric components were discovered during this first comprehensive archaeological survey of the Labrador coastline between Cape Charles and Trunmore Bay. The newly discovered sites show that there was continuous prehistoric occupation from northern Labrador through to the Quebec North Shore and the island of Newfoundland, with radiocarbon dates ranging from 5070±170 to 1050±50 B.P. Dates from Late Palaeoeskimo sites suggest that Middle Dorset occupation of southern Labrador may have begun as early as 1940±70 B.P. and lasted until 1050±50 B.P. Comprehensive survey strategy revealed three broad trends of prehistoric land use and occupation in southern Labrador: the inner coastal zone, in particular the coastline of the largest bays, does not retain any traces of prehistoric coastal occupation; coastal presence by all culture groups is concentrated at or near the mouths of bays and the outer island archipelagoes; and certain coastal locations were preferred areas of land use for prehistoric peoples. At a more specific level, prehistoric Indian sites tend to be situated in protected locations, oriented to both mainland and saltwater resources. Groswater Palaeoeskimo and Late Palaeoeskimo sites, on the other hand, have a decided outer island orientation, which suggests an adaptive focus on saltwater resources. A brief summary of the historic sites recorded during the survey is included.Durant ce premier relevé archéologique approfondi de la côte du Labrador entre le cap Charles et la baie Trunmore, on a découvert 93 articles préhistoriques. Les sites récemment découverts révèlent qu'il y a eu une occupation préhistorique ininterrompue s'étendant du Labrador septentrional jusqu'au littoral nord du Québec et à l'île de Terre-Neuve, avec des radiodatations allant de 5070 ± 170 à 1050 ± 50 BP. Des dates provenant de sites du paléoesquimau suggèrent que l'occupation du Labrador méridional durant le Dorset moyen pourrait avoir commencé dès 1940 ± 70 BP et avoir duré jusqu'en 1050 ± 50 BP. Une stratégie détaillée de relevés a montré trois grandes tendances d'utilisation et d'occupation préhistoriques du terrain dans le Labrador méridional: la zone côtière intérieure, en particulier le littoral des plus grandes baies, ne contient pas de traces d'une occupation préhistorique de la côte; la présence sur le littoral de groupes culturels est concentrée à l'embouchure ou près de l'embouchure des baies et près des îles des archipels au large; certains emplacements du littoral représentaient, pour les peuples préhistoriques, des endroits privilégiés quant à l'utilisation du terrain. À un niveau plus spécifique, les sites préhistoriques indiens tendent à être situés dans des lieux protégés, orientés à la fois vers la terre ferme et vers les ressources provenant de l'eau salée. D'un autre côté, les sites de Groswater datant du paléoesquimau et du paléoesquimau supérieur sont nettement orientés vers les îles au large, ce qui suggère une adaptation centrée sur les ressources provenant de l'eau salée. On inclut un bref résumé des sites historiques relevés durant l'étude

Across the Straits from Port au Choix: Mobility, Connection, and the Dorset of Southern Labrador

Priscilla Renouf’s more than 30 years of research on the human history of the Port au Choix peninsula was longue durée in execution as well as in perspective and contribution, resulting in notable insights into adaptations at Port au Choix itself and on the island of Newfoundland. This paper finds inspiration in Renouf’s work at the site of Phillip’s Garden (EeBi-1) on the Port au Choix peninsula. It proposes a model of integration and shared social context between Dorset in southern Labrador and Dorset in northwestern Newfoundland. Mobility and interconnection, key hallmarks of northern forager societies, are suggested through multiple lines of evidence that include the proximity and contemporaneity of sites in the two regions, the evidence of long-distance networks for exchange of Ramah chert, and the requirements of travel imposed by the twice yearly harp seal migration, which passed close to the Port au Choix peninsula in spring but followed the Labrador shore in late autumn.La recherche sur l’histoire humaine de la péninsule de Port au Choix effectuée par Priscilla Renouf a duré plus de 30 ans. Elle a été de longue durée dans son exécution, mais également dans sa perspective et sa contribution, renseignant de façon significative sur les adaptations de Port au Choix même et de l’île de Terre-Neuve. Cette étude est inspirée des travaux de Priscilla Renouf réalisés au site de Phillip’s Garden (EeBi-1) dans la péninsule de Port au Choix. Il propose un modèle d’intégration et un contexte social partagé entre le Dorset du sud du Labrador et le Dorset du nord de Terre-Neuve. La mobilité et l’interconnexion, caractéristiques essentielles des sociétés fourragères du Nord, sont suggérées sous forme de sources de données multiples, dont la proximité et la contemporanéité des sites des deux régions, la preuve de l’existence de réseaux pour l’échange de chert de Ramah sur de longues distances et les exigences en matière de déplacement imposées par la migration semestrielle du phoque du Groenland, laquelle passait près de la péninsule de Port au Choix au printemps, et suivait la côte du Labrador vers la fin de l’automne

Destination image online analyzed through user generated content: a systematic literature review

Destination Image is a concept that has been studied for a long time in tourism research. The question of how a destination is perceived by tourists and potential new guests is an important insight, especially for local tourism managers, in order to evaluate the implemented strategies and to plan further tactics. Since the last two decades, due to a drastic digitalization, tourism research is now increasingly examining the Destination Image online. This creates new challenges in the selection of sources, methods, and in data collection. The aim of the present study was to systematically capture the approach to analyze the online Destination Image through User Generated Content using studies from the last ten years. Therefore, a Systematic Literature Review on primary research from academic databases was conducted. As a summary of the findings, a conceptual model was developed, based on the insights of the studies in the dataset, to contribute a guidance for the preparation phase of future online Destination Image research. In short, the main findings are: TripAdvisor.com is the main source for online Destination Image analysis. Researchers recommend using the help of software and programming languages to collect and analyzed the data. Equally to earlier Destination Image studies, the main methods applied in online Destination Image analysis are quantitative content analysis, qualitative content analysis and sentiment analysis. In combination with the examination of cognitive and affective factors, co-occurrence analysis, and correlation analysis. The present study has several limitations, which are: the loss of detail information due to reducing the studies to comparable key parameters, the absence of Anglo-American studies, due to the database selection as well as the lack of quality testing of the studies included.A Destination Image é um conceito que tem sido estudado há muito tempo na investigação turística. A questão de como o destino é visto pelos turistas e pelos potenciais novos hóspedes é uma perspectiva importante, especialmente para os gestores de turismo da região, a fim de avaliar as estratégias implementadas e de planear novas tácticas. Desde as últimas duas décadas, ocorreu uma digitalização drástica, a investigação turística adaptou-se a este fenómeno e está agora a estudar cada vez mais a imagem do destino online. Esta alteração criou novos desafios na selecção de fontes, métodos, e na recolha de dados. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de captar, de forma sistemática, as abordagens consideradas para analisar a imagem do destino online utilizando estudos dos últimos dez anos. Para este efeito, os estudos primários dos anos 2010-2020 das bases de dados académicos Web of Science, ProQuest e b-on, foram recolhidos utilizando palavras-chave de pesquisa pré-definidas. O grupo de artigos obtidos como resultado foram subsequentemente sujeitos a avaliação de eligibilidade, como recomendado por Moher et al. (2009). Isto significa que os estudos que não cumpriam os critérios pré-definidos foram excluídos. Os critérios de inclusão foram: O trabalho académico tinha de ser uma referência primária de uma revista científica, escrita em inglês e a amostra analisada tinha de ter uma origem associada à comunicação nas social media online. Posteriormente, os restantes 35 artigos foram transferidos para uma base de dados utilizando uma matriz de codificação. A matriz de codificação foi concebida para capturar os parâmetros-chave de cada estudo primário de uma forma padronizada e, portanto, comparável. Foi considerada informação geral, como o ano, localização e revista publicada, bem como informação temática específica, como o campo do turismo pesquisado e os meios analisados, juntamente com as categorias referentes à metodologia considerada, as ferramentas utilizadas e os resultados obtidos. A base de dados resultante foi então utilizada para obter declarações sobre a abordagem metodológica utilizada na análise da imagem de destinos online. Como resumo dos resultados, foi desenvolvido um modelo conceptual, baseado nos conhecimentos obtidos a partir do grupo de artigos, que constituiu o conjunto de dados para análise, para contribuir com um guião para a fase de preparação de uma futura investigação sobre imagem dos destinos online. Em resumo, as principais conclusões são: TripAdvisor.com é a principal fonte para a análise da imagem de destinos online. Os investigadores recomendam a utilização da ajuda de software e linguagens de programação para a recolha e análise dos dados. À semelhança de estudos anteriores de Destination Image, os principais métodos aplicados na análise imagem dos destinos online são a análise quantitativa do conteúdo, a análise qualitativa do conteúdo e a análise dos sentimentos. Em combinação com a análise dos fatores cognitivos e afectivos, análise de co-ocorrência, e análise de correlação. O presente estudo tem várias limitações. Que são: a perda de informação detalhada devido à redução dos estudos a parâmetros-chave comparáveis, a ausência de estudos anglo-americanos, devido à selecção do banco de dados, bem como a falta de testes de qualidade dos estudos incluídos.(TurExperience - Tourist experiences' impacts on the destination image: searching for new opportunities to the Algarve”)

“Our Amazing Visitors”: Catherine Cartwright’s Account of Labrador Inuit in England

New material about Inuit who visited England in the 18th century was recently discovered in a British archive. Presented here are three letters written in 1773 by Catherine Cartwright, sister of Captain George Cartwright of Labrador fame. The letters describe and discuss the group of five Inuit who came to England with the latter in the autumn of 1772. All of the Inuit party but one died of smallpox at the outset of their return voyage to Labrador early the following summer. A fourth letter, written a year later by an M. Stowe, a family relation, contains information about George Cartwright’s return to Labrador with Caubvick, the lone Inuit survivor. These letters contain new information about the Inuit visit that is both firsthand and enriched with personal observation and opinion. As microhistorical data, the letters contribute to broader historical discussions of Inuit-European relations, Inuit society, Inuit agency in the changing economics of the late 18th century, and the perspectives of Europeans and their fascination with indigenous peoples.De la documentation au sujet d’Inuits qui s’étaient rendus en Angleterre au XVIIIe siècle a fait l’objet d’une récente découverte dans des archives britanniques. Nous présentons ici trois lettres écrites en 1773 par Catherine Cartwright, la soeur du commandant George Cartwright, célèbre au Labrador. Ces lettres portent sur un groupe de cinq Inuits ayant visité l’Angleterre avec Cartwright à l’automne 1772. Tous ces Inuits, sauf un, sont morts de la variole au début de leur voyage de retour au Labrador, vers le commencement de l’été suivant. Une quatrième lettre, rédigée un an plus tard par un dénommé M. Stowe, une relation de famille, renferme des renseignements sur la rentrée de George Cartwright au Labrador avec Caubvick, le seul survivant inuit. Ces lettres contiennent de nouveaux renseignements à propos de la visite inuite, renseignements qui sont de première main et sont enrichis d’observations et d’opinions personnelles. À titre de données micro-historiques, ces lettres contribuent aux discussions historiques de plus grande envergure concernant les relations entre les Inuits et les Européens, et mettent en lumière la société inuite, l’agence inuite au sein de l’économie en pleine évolution de la fin du XVIIIe siècle et les perspectives des Européens à l’égard de leur fascination vis-à-vis des peuples indigènes

ANTLIMA -- A Listener Model with Mental Images

AI research concerning the connection between seeing and speaking mainly employs what is often called reference semantics. Applying this approach to the situation of a radio sports reporter, we have to coordinate the demand of referentially anchoring an utterance dealing with the visually perceived, and the demand for coherence of an utterance as part of a verbal interaction with somebody not situated in the same perceptual context. In consequence, we are led to the conception of a speaker anticipating the listeners' understanding by means of mental images which replace the percepts being described, and thus provide the referents for the audience. We present a system realizing this type of partner modeling, emphasizing mainly the reconstruction of the referents, i.e., of a mental image. Starting from the thesis that the audience expects the speaker to mean the most typical case of the described class of events or situations with respect to the communicated context, we explain a mechanism for representing and using typicality distributions of static spatial relations which is related to Herskovits' analytical framework. Extended to restrictions of speed and temporal duration, this mechanism also allows us to construct dynamic mental images corresponding to the referents of objective sports reports

Floating architecture and structures – an answer to the global changes

Currently a contradictory global situation takes place. The climate and social changes are progressing. The sea level is rising by the smelting of ice and the extension of ocean owing to the temperature rise. This means: the building ground reduces above all things in costal and river districts. On the other hand the mankind and its claims with regard to living room is growing and more building sites are necessary. A smart solution for the conflict situation is the floating architecture. This means floating settlements and cities. In the consideration should be taken also so-called amphibious and floatable houses as a solution in case of floods in river destrics. Technical and social questions must be investigated. Some examples for the problems are demonstrated in the paper