707 research outputs found
Rank of elements of general rings in connection with unit-regularity
We define the rank of elements of general unital rings, discuss its
properties and give several examples to support the definition. In semiprime
rings we give a characterization of rank in terms of invertible elements. As an
application we prove that every element in the socle of a unital semiprime ring
is unit-regular.Comment: 13 page
Final solution to the problem of relating a true copula to an imprecise copula
In this paper we solve in the negative the problem proposed in this journal
(I. Montes et al., Sklar's theorem in an imprecise setting, Fuzzy Sets and
Systems, 278 (2015), 48-66) whether an order interval defined by an imprecise
copula contains a copula. Namely, if is a nonempty set of
copulas, then and are quasi-copulas and the pair
is an imprecise copula according to the
definition introduced in the cited paper, following the ideas of -boxes. We
show that there is an imprecise copula in this sense such that there is
no copula whatsoever satisfying . So, it is
questionable whether the proposed definition of the imprecise copula is in
accordance with the intentions of the initiators. Our methods may be of
independent interest: We upgrade the ideas of Dibala et al. (Defects and
transformations of quasi-copulas, Kybernetika, 52 (2016), 848-865) where
possibly negative volumes of quasi-copulas as defects from being copulas were
studied.Comment: 20 pages; added Conclusion, added some clarifications in proofs,
added some explanations at the beginning of each section, corrected typos,
results remain the sam
Compressed zero-divisor graphs of noncommutative rings
We extend the notion of the compressed zero-divisor graph to
noncommutative rings in a way that still induces a product preserving functor
from the category of finite unital rings to the category of
directed graphs. For a finite field , we investigate the properties of
, the graph of the matrix ring over , and give a purely
graph-theoretic characterization of this graph when . For
we prove that every graph automorphism of is induced by a
ring automorphism of . We also show that for finite unital rings
and , where is semisimple and has no homomorphic image isomorphic to a
field, if , then . In particular,
this holds if with .Comment: 30 page
Categorial properties of compressed zero-divisor graphs of finite commutative rings
We define a compressed zero-divisor graph of a finite
commutative unital ring , where the compression is performed by means of the
associatedness relation. We prove that this is the best possible compression
which induces a functor , and that this functor preserves categorial
products (in both directions). We use the structure of to
characterize important classes of finite commutative unital rings, such as
local rings and principal ideal rings.Comment: 14 page
Development Permit System Policy Development in Ontario: Factors that Contribute to Implementation
In 2007, the Province of Ontario introduced a new planning tool called the Development Permit System (DPS) in order to increase the efficiency, certainty, and scope of the planning system. Despite these stated benefits, it has only been implemented in four municipalities. This paper examines the factors that could be limiting the implementation of the system in some municipalities, while encouraging implementation in others, using case studies conducted in five municipalities: the Township of Lake of Bays, the Township of Mulmur, the City of Kitchener, the Town of East Gwillimbury, and the City of Hamilton. Interviews were conducted with a municipal planner in each municipality to better understand how it came to the decision of whether or not to implement the DPS and the factors that contributed to this decision. The findings reveal that there are many factors that could be impacting a municipalityās decision to implement the system, such as the presence of a policy sponsor, the existence of a unique planning problem, satisfaction with the current planning system, and a general lack of knowledge of the DPS
The total zero-divisor graph of commutative rings
In this paper we initiate the study of the total zero-divisor graphs over
commutative rings with unity. These graphs are constructed by both relations
that arise from the zero-divisor graph and from the total graph of a ring. We
characterize Artinian rings with the connected total zero-divisor graphs and
give their diameters. Moreover, we compute major characteristics of the total
zero-divisor graphs of the ring of integers modulo and
prove that the total zero-divisor graphs of and
are isomorphic if and only if
REDÄENJE PLODIÄEV JABLANE SORT GALA IN ZLATI DELIÅ ES Z BA, NAA IN NJUNIMI KOMBINACIJAMI
Apple trees, eight-year-old āGalaā/M.9 and four-year-old āGolden Deliciousā/M.9 have been thinned with 6-
benzyladenine (BA) 50 ppm, 100 ppm and 200 ppm, with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 5 ppm, 10 ppm
and 20 ppm, and with the tank mix combinations of BA 50 ppm + NAA 5 ppm or BA 20 ppm + NAA 5 ppm,
all at 9-10 mm fruitlet diameter. All applied concentrations of BA and NAA thinned both cultivars
significantly and no significant difference was found between BA or NAA thinning action. No concentration
response on thinning was observed with neither BA nor NAA application. All BA or NAA separate treatments
caused yield of fruit to shift to bigger size class. The only concentration response effect was found on
evaluation of mean fruit weight data on āGolden Deliciousā. The higher concentration of BA was used, the
higher was the weight of āGolden Deliciousā fruit. On the opposite, the higher concentration of NAA was used,
the lower was the weight of āGolden Deliciousā fruit (not significantly). When BA and NAA were sprayed on
āGalaā or āGolden Deliciousā as a tank mix combination, similar effect on thinning or fruit growth occurred
comparing to BA or NAA when sprayed alone. Return bloom was enhanced on all thinned āGalaā trees while
flower formation of āGolden Deliciousā was better in the case of BA 200 ppm, NAA 5 ppm, NAA 20 ppm or
tank mix spraying of BA 20 ppm + NAA 5 ppm.Sedem let stare jablane sorte Gala/M.9 in Å”tiri leta stare jablane sorte Zlati deliÅ”es/M.9 smo redÄili s 6-
benziladeninom (BA) v koncentraciji 50 ppm, 100 ppm in 200 ppm, nadalje z 1-naftilocetno kislino (NAA) v
koncentraciji 5 ppm, 10 ppm in 20 ppm, ter s kombinacijo obeh sredstev, to je z meŔanico BA 50 ppm + NAA
5 ppm, ter BA 20 ppm + NAA 5 ppm. Sredstva za redÄenje smo nanesli v Äasu popreÄnega premera plodiÄev
9-10 mm. BA in NAA sta redÄili obe preskuÅ”ani sorti znaÄilno in s približno isto stopnjo trebljenja plodiÄev.
Trebljenje plodiÄev po nanosu razliÄnih koncentracij BA oziroma NAA ni bilo odvisno od uporabljenih
koncentracij. Pridelek plodov veÄjega velikostnega razreda se je pri obeh sortah poveÄal pri vseh nanosih BA
ali NAA. Pri sorti Zlati deliÅ”es smo opazili uÄinek koncentracij uporabljenega sredstva na popreÄno težo
plodov. Po nanosu veÄje koncentracije BA je bila tudi popreÄna teža plodov sorte Zlati deliÅ”es veÄja. Obratno
pa je nanos veÄje koncentracije NAA povzroÄil manjÅ”o popreÄno težo plodov (statistiÄno neznaÄilno) sorte
Zlati deliŔes. V primeru Ŕkropljenja meŔanice BA + NAA, sta obe obravnavani sorti reagirali z enako
intenziteto trebljenja plodiÄev, kot v primeru samostojnega nanosa enega od obeh sredstev. Povratno cvetenje
je bilo znaÄilno boljÅ”e pri vseh redÄenih drevesih sorte Gala, pri sorti Zlati deliÅ”es pa se je nastavek cvetja
izboljŔal le po nanosih BA 200 ppm, NAA 5 ppm, NAA 20 ppm in pri meŔanici BA 20 ppm + NAA 5 ppm
- ā¦