Reducing dietary wild derived fishmeal inclusion levels in production diets for large yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

Further research to understand the effect of dietary wild derived fishmeal (WD-FM) substitution with commercially relevant alternative ingredients for large yellowtail kingfish (Seriola lalandi; YTK) was investigated. This 36-week study was designed to replace dietary inclusions of WD-FM with alternative protein ingredients including poultry meal, soy protein concentrate and by-product fishmeal (PM, SPC and BP-FM) and measure the effect on the growth performance, feed utilisation, and health of large YTK (2.5 kg initial weight) at ambient water temperatures (average 16.6 °C). Six diets were formulated on a digestible basis to contain 39% digestible protein (∼45–46% crude protein), 23% digestible lipid (∼24–25% crude lipid), and a digestible energy level of 17 MJ kg−1 (∼19 MJ kg−1 gross energy level). Fish were fed to apparent satiation once daily at 10:00 h. Substitution of fish meal with alternative ingredients did not significantly impact fish growth, feed utilisation, gastrointestinal health, blood haematology or measured biochemistry indices. Results from the current study will allow reductions to the dietary WD-FM inclusion levels, with tangible sustainability benefits. The inclusion of the alternative protein sources resulted in improvements in the fish in-fish out ratios of up to 35.1%. This study suggests formulation criteria for large YTK should include a minimum of 10% WD-FM. Further to this, at least 30% of the diet should consist of a combination of poultry meal, soy protein concentrate and fishmeal (both wild and by-product). Our data further support the use of BP-FM up to ∼20% inclusion, while PM and SPC should be limited to ∼10% inclusion until further data is available on these raw materials in YTK feeds. These recommendations will facilitate formulation flexibility for large YTK feeds, enabling formulators to adapt to changes to extrinsic factors such as raw material availability, and sustainability while minimising cost and performance impacts

Buoyancy Instabilities in a Weakly Collisional Intracluster Medium

The intracluster medium of galaxy clusters is a weakly collisional, high-beta plasma in which the transport of heat and momentum occurs primarily along magnetic-field lines. Anisotropic heat conduction allows convective instabilities to be driven by temperature gradients of either sign, the magnetothermal instability (MTI) in the outskirts of non-isothermal clusters and the heat-flux buoyancy-driven instability (HBI) in their cooling cores. We employ the Athena MHD code to investigate the nonlinear evolution of these instabilities, self-consistently including the effects of anisotropic viscosity (i.e. Braginskii pressure anisotropy), anisotropic conduction, and radiative cooling. We highlight the importance of the microscale instabilities that inevitably accompany and regulate the pressure anisotropies generated by the HBI and MTI. We find that, in all but the innermost regions of cool-core clusters, anisotropic viscosity significantly impairs the ability of the HBI to reorient magnetic-field lines orthogonal to the temperature gradient. Thus, while radio-mode feedback appears necessary in the central few tens of kpc, conduction may be capable of offsetting radiative losses throughout most of a cool core over a significant fraction of the Hubble time. Magnetically-aligned cold filaments are then able to form by local thermal instability. Viscous dissipation during the formation of a cold filament produces accompanying hot filaments, which can be searched for in deep Chandra observations of nearby cool-core clusters. In the case of the MTI, anisotropic viscosity maintains the coherence of magnetic-field lines over larger distances than in the inviscid case, providing a natural lower limit for the scale on which the field can fluctuate freely. In the nonlinear state, the magnetic field exhibits a folded structure in which the field-line curvature and field strength are anti-correlated.Comment: 20 pages, 20 figures, submitted to ApJ; Abstract abridge

Rendering visual events as sounds: spatial attention capture by auditory augmented reality

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution LicenseMany salient visual events tend to coincide with auditory events, such as seeing and hearing a car pass by. Information from the visual and auditory senses can be used to create a stable percept of the stimulus. Having access to related coincident visual and auditory information can help for spatial tasks such as localization. However not all visual information has analogous auditory percepts, such as viewing a computer monitor. Here, we describe a system capable of detecting and augmenting visual salient events into localizable auditory events. The system uses a neuromorphic camera (DAVIS 240B) to detect logarithmic changes of brightness intensity in the scene, which can be interpreted as salient visual events. Participants were blindfolded and asked to use the device to detect new objects in the scene, as well as determine direction of motion for a moving visual object. Results suggest the system is robust enough to allow for the simple detection of new salient stimuli, as well accurately encoding direction of visual motion. Future successes are probable as neuromorphic devices are likely to become faster and smaller in the future, making this system much more feasibleYe

A systematic review of studies investigating the acute effects of N-methyl- D-aspartate receptor antagonists on behavioural despair in normal animals suggests poor predictive validity.

The ability of the N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor antagonist ketamine to induce a rapid and sustained antidepressant effect has led to a surge in pre-clinical studies investigating underlying mechanisms and seeking novel treatments. Animal models are key to this research as they can provide a behavioural readout linking underlying mechanisms to clinical benefits. However, quantifying depression-related behaviours in rodents represents a major challenge with the validity of traditional methods such as models of behavioural despair (forced swim test and tail suspension test) a topic of debate. While there is good evidence to support the value of using these behavioural readouts to study the effects of stress, these approaches have largely failed to detect reliable phenotypic effects in other disease models. In this systematic review, we identified publications which had tested N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor antagonists in normal animals using either the forced swim test or tail suspension test. We compared findings for different doses and time points and also drugs with different clinical profiles to investigate how well the outcomes in the rodent model predicted their effects in the clinic. Despite clear evidence that N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor antagonists reduce immobility time and hence exhibit an antidepressant profile in these tasks, we found similar effects with both clinically effective drugs as well as those which have failed to show efficacy in clinical trials. These findings suggest that behavioural despair tests in normal animals do not provide a good method to predict clinical efficacy of N-methyl- D -aspartate receptor antagonists

Suppression of stacking order with doping in 1T-TaS2−x_{2-x}Sex_x

In 1T-TaS$_{2-x}$Se$_x$, the charge density wave (CDW) state features a star of David lattice that expands across layers as the system becomes commensurate on cooling. The layers can also order along the c-axis and different stacking orders have been proposed. Using neutron scattering on powder samples, we compared the stacking order previously observed in 1T-TaS$_2$ as the system is doped with Se. While at low temperature, a 13c layer sequence stacking was observed in TaS$_2$, this type of ordering was not evident with doping. Doping with Se results in a nearly commensurate state with the Mott state suppressed which may be linked to the absence of the layer stacking.Comment: 5 pages, 3 figure

Acute vs. Chronic Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Fatigue

Citrulline malate has been proposed to aid in reducing fatigue by increasing blood flow through promoting an increase in the nitric oxide synthase pathway along with the ability to remove ammonia and lactate accumulations. Results on the effectiveness of an acute supplementation are mixed, but it is proposed that regular consumption may help to attenuate the onset of fatigue during exercise. PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of acute and chronic citrulline malate supplementation on fatigue rate of the quadriceps. METHODS: Recreationally trained males (n=18, 24±5 yr, 83±14 kg, 174±6 cm) participated in seven testing sessions. The familiarization session consisted of participants performing a graded exercise test to determine max power output. In a randomized, counterbalanced order, participants consumed a placebo (PL) and citrulline malate (CM) treatment for two separate dosing periods. For each dosing period, participants reported on three separate days with seven days between each visit. The first experimental testing session for each dosing period was considered the baseline day (BL), the second session the acute day (D1), and the third session the chronic day (D2). For chronic supplementation, all participants consumed each treatment for seven consecutive days. The exercise protocol all testing sessions and the four supplemental testing sessions included exercising on a cycle ergometer at 50-60% of their max power output for 30 min. Following the bout, all participants performed the Thorstensson test on an isokinetic dynamometer for torque, power, and fatigue rate of the dominate leg quadriceps. RESULTS: The acute supplement x time interactions were not significant (p\u3e0.05) for peak power (PL BL 469+81 W, PL D1 490+97 W vs. CM BL 465+85 W, CM D1 480+103 W), peak torque (PL BL 150+26 Nm, PL D1 157+32 Nm vs. CM BL 149+26 Nm, CM D1 156+33 Nm), fatigue rate (PL BL 57+9%, PL D1 57+10% vs. CM BL 57+10%, CM D1 56+9%), and heart rate (PL BL 156+17 bpm, PL D1 146+13 bpm vs. CM BL 155+11 bpm, CM D1 146+11 bpm). The chronic supplement x time interactions were not significant (p\u3e0.05) for peak power (PL BL 469+81 W, PL D2 501+99 W vs. CM BL 464+85 W, CM D2 501+81 W), peak torque (PL BL 150+26 Nm, PL D2 161+31 Nm vs. CM BL 149+27 Nm, CM D2 161+26 Nm), fatigue rate (PL BL 57+9%, PL D2 58+9% vs. CM BL 57+10%, CM D2 58+9%), and heart rate (PL BL 156+17 bpm, PL D2 146+9 bpm vs. CM BL 155+11 bpm, CM D2 146+9 bpm). CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that neither acute or chronic supplementation of CM had an effect on recovery or fatigue rate of the quadriceps. Based on the data collected there were no significant differences between the recorded values for torque and power for each participant

Lattice dynamics reveals a local symmetry breaking in the emergent dipole phase of PbTe

Local symmetry breaking in complex materials is emerging as an important contributor to materials properties but is inherently difficult to study. Here we follow up an earlier structural observation of such a local symmetry broken phase in the technologically important compound PbTe with a study of the lattice dynamics using inelastic neutron scattering (INS). We show that the lattice dynamics are responsive to the local symmetry broken phase, giving key insights in the behavior of PbTe, but also revealing INS as a powerful tool for studying local structure. The new result is the observation of the unexpected appearance on warming of a new zone center phonon branch in PbTe. In a harmonic solid the number of phonon branches is strictly determined by the contents and symmetry of the unit cell. The appearance of the new mode indicates a crossover to a dynamic lower symmetry structure with increasing temperature. No structural transition is seen crystallographically but the appearance of the new mode in inelastic neutron scattering coincides with the observation of local Pb off-centering dipoles observed in the local structure. The observation resembles relaxor ferroelectricity but since there are no inhomogeneous dopants in pure PbTe this anomalous behavior is an intrinsic response of the system. We call such an appearance of dipoles out of a non-dipolar ground-state "emphanisis" meaning the appearance out of nothing. It cannot be explained within the framework of conventional phase transition theories such as soft-mode theory and challenges our basic understanding of the physics of materials

Diet-induced obesity leads to behavioral indicators of pain preceding structural joint damage in wild-type mice

Introduction: Obesity is one of the largest modifiable risk factors for the development of musculoskeletal diseases, including intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration and back pain. Despite the clinical association, no studies have directly assessed whether diet-induced obesity accelerates IVD degeneration, back pain, or investigated the biological mediators underlying this association. In this study, we examine the effects of chronic consumption of a high-fat or high-fat/high-sugar (western) diet on the IVD, knee joint, and pain-associated outcomes. Methods: Male C57BL/6N mice were randomized into one of three diet groups (chow control; high-fat; high-fat, high-sugar western diet) at 10 weeks of age and remained on the diet for 12, 24, or 40 weeks. At endpoint, animals were assessed for behavioral indicators of pain, joint tissues were collected for histological and molecular analysis, serum was collected to assess for markers of systemic inflammation, and IBA-1, GFAP, and CGRP were measured in spinal cords by immunohistochemistry. Results: Animals fed obesogenic (high-fat or western) diets showed behavioral indicators of pain beginning at 12 weeks and persisting up to 40 weeks of diet consumption. Histological indicators of moderate joint degeneration were detected in the IVD and knee following 40 weeks on the experimental diets. Mice fed the obesogenic diets showed synovitis, increased intradiscal expression of inflammatory cytokines and circulating levels of MCP-1 compared to control. Linear regression modeling demonstrated that age and diet were both significant predictors of most pain-related behavioral outcomes, but not histopathological joint degeneration. Synovitis was associated with alterations in spontaneous activity. Conclusion: Diet-induced obesity accelerates IVD degeneration and knee OA in mice; however, pain-related behaviors precede and are independent of histopathological structural damage. These findings contribute to understanding the source of obesity-related back pain and the contribution of structural IVD degeneration