81 research outputs found
Effectiveness of physical education to promote motor competence in primary school children
Motor skill (MS) competence is an important contributing factor for healthy development. The goal was to test the effectiveness of primary school physical education (PE) on MS and physical fitness (PF) development.
Three classes (n = 60, aged 9.0 Âą 0.9) were randomly assigned to three diverse conditions during a school year: two PE lessons/week (PE-2), three PE lessons/week (PE-3), and no PE lessons control group (CG). BMI, skinfolds, PF (9-min run/walk, sit-up, modified pull-ups), gymnastics, soccer, handball, basketball and track-and-field skills were evaluated. Effect sizes (d) were reported as magnitude of change.
Skinfolds significantly increased only in CG (d = 1.21). PF composite z-scores improved in PE-3 (d = 0.61), but decreased in PE-2 (d = 0.57), and had no changes in CG. Statistically significant improvement was verified in gymnastics and handball skills in both experimental groups (gymnastic: d = 2.95 and d = 2.61 for PE-3 and PE-2, respectively; handball: d = 1.87 and d = 0.57 for PE-3 and PE-2, respectively), and no changes were seen in CG. In soccer, there were improvements only in the PE-3 (d = 0.55), and in basketball only in PE-2 (d = 0.46). There were no changes in any group for track-and-field skills. PE programs can effectively promote PF and MS development.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Video GameâBased Exercise, Latino Children's Physical Health, and Academic Achievement
BackgroundThere is a paucity of research investigating the effects of innovative physical activity programs on physical health and academic performance in the Latino population.PurposeTo examine the impact of Dance Dance Revolution [DDR]âbased exercise on Latino children's physical fitness and academic achievement.DesignA repeated-measures crossover design was used. In Year 1, Grade-4 students were assigned to the intervention group and offered 30 minutes of exercise (DDR, aerobic dance) three times per week. Grade-3 and Grade-5 students made up the comparison group and were offered no structured exercise at school. In Year 2, the Grade-4 students were again assigned to the intervention, whereas Grade-5 and Grade-6 students were in the comparison group.Setting/participantsAssessments were conducted with 208 Latino school children.Main outcome measuresThe baseline measures included time to complete a 1-mile run, BMI, and reading and math scores. Data were collected again 9 months later. Overall, data were collected in 2009â2011 and analyzed in 2012.ResultsData yielded significant differences between the intervention and comparison groups in differences in 1-mile run and math scores in Year 1 and Year 2. The results also revealed net differences in the intervention versus comparison group scores on the 1-mile run for Grade 3 (p<0.01). Additionally, children's yearly pre-test and post-test BMI group changes differed (Ď2(2)=6.6, p<0.05) only for the first year of intervention.ConclusionsThe DDR-based exercise intervention improved children's cardiorespiratory endurance and math scores over time. Professionals should consider integrating exergaming at schools to achieve the goals of promoting a physically active lifestyle and enhancing academic success among Latino children
Correlation between BMI and motor coordination in children
Objectives: To analyze the association between motor coordination (MC) and body mass index (BMI) across childhood and early adolescence.
Design: This study is cross-sectional. Methods: Data were collected in 7175 children (boys n = 3616, girls n = 3559), ages 6â14 years. BMI was
calculated from measured height and weight [body mass (kg)/height (m2)]. Motor coordination was evaluated using Kiphard-Schillingâs body
coordination test (KTK). Spearmanâs rank correlation was used to study the association between BMI and MC. A KruskalâWallis test was used
to analyze the differences in MC between children of normal weight, overweight and obese children. Results: Correlations between MC and
BMI were negative and varied between 0.05 and 0.49. The highest negative correlations for both boys and girls was at 11 years of age. There
was a general pattern of increasing negative correlations in both genders from 6 to 11 years of age and then a decrease in correlation strengths
through 14 years of age. In both boys (Ď2
(2) = 324.01; p < 0.001) and girls (Ď2
(2) = 291.20; p < 0.001) there were significant differences in MC
between the three groupsâ weight status. Normal weight children of both sexes demonstrated significantly higher MC scores than overweight.
Obese children in both sexes had the lowest MC scores among all three groups. Conclusion: Motor coordination demonstrated an inverse
relationship with BMI across childhood and into early adolescence. The strength of the inverse relation increased during childhood, but
decreased through early adolescence. Overweight and obese children of both sexes demonstrated significantly lower MC than normal weight
children
Developmental perspectives on motor competence and physical fitness in youth
The aim of this special issue in Scandinavian Journal of Science & Medicine in Sports was to provide an update of research examining motor competence and physical fitness in childhood and adolescence from a longitudinal perspective. Motor competence and physical fitness play an important role in children and adolescents' overall health and growth. Motor competence refers to an individual's degree of proficiency in performing various motor skills and is underpinned by coordination and control. Developing adequate levels of competence in fundamental motor/movement skills is critical for all children as they form the foundation for more complex skills used in games, sports and other types of physical activities across the lifespan. Physical fitness refers to an individual's capacity to perform physical activity and includes components such as cardiorespiratory fitness, musculoskeletal fitness (i.e., muscular endurance and strength), and flexibility. Motor competence and physical fitness are correlated in young people
Motor competence and its effect on positive developmental trajectories of health
In 2008, Stodden and colleagues took a unique developmental approach toward addressing the potential
role of motor competence in promoting positive or negative trajectories of physical activity, health-related fitness, and weight status. The conceptual model proposed synergistic relationships among physical activity, motor competence, perceived motor competence, health-related physical fit ness, and obesity with associations hypothesized to strengthen over time. At the time the model was proposed, limited evidence was available to support or refute the model hypotheses. Over the past 6 years, the number of investigations exploring these relationships has increased significantly. Thus, it is an appropriate time to examine
published data that directly or indirectly relate to specific pathways noted in the conceptual model. Evidence indi cates that motor competence is positively associated with perceived competence and multiple aspects of health (i.e., physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, muscular endurance, and a healthy weight status). However, questions related to the increased strength of associations across time and antecedent/consequent mech anisms remain. An individualâs physical and psychological development is a complex and multifaceted process that synergistically evolves across time. Understanding the
most salient factors that influence health and well-being and how relationships among these factors change across time is a critical need for future research in this area. This knowledge could aid in addressing the declining levels of physical activity and fitness along with the increasing rates of obesity across childhood and adolescence.4811-99FE-2ECD | Luis Paulo Rodriguesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
Comparison of Indirect Calorimetry- and Accelerometry-Based Energy Expenditure During Childrenâs Discrete Skill Performance
To compare childrenâs energy expenditure (EE) levels during object projection skill performance (OPSP; e.g., kicking, throwing, striking) as assessed by hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers. Method: Forty-two children (female n = 20, Mage = 8.1 Âą 0.8 years) performed three, nine-minute sessions of kicking, over-arm throwing, and striking at performance intervals of 6, 12, and 30 seconds. EE was estimated using indirect calorimetry (COSMED k4b2) and accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+) worn on three different locations (hip, dominant-wrist, and non-dominant-wrist) using four commonly used cut-points. Bland-Altman plots were used to analyze the agreement in EE estimations between accelerometry and indirect calorimetry (METS). Chi-square goodness of fit tests were used to examine the agreement between accelerometry and indirect calorimetry. Results: Hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers underestimated EE, compared to indirect calorimetry, during all performance conditions. Skill practice at a rate of two trials per minute resulted in the equivalent of moderate PA and five trials per minute resulted in vigorous PA (as measured by indirect calorimetry), yet was only categorized as light and/or moderate activity by all measured forms of accelerometry. Conclusion: This is one of the first studies to evaluate the ability of hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers to predict PA intensity levels during OPSP in children. These data may significantly impact PA intervention measurement strategies by revealing the lack of validity in accelerometers to accurately predict PA levels during OPSP in children
a cross-cultural comparison between Portugal and the United States
Background: Motor competence and health-related fitness are important components for the development and maintenance of a healthy lifestyle in children. This study examined cross-cultural performances on motor competence and health-related fitness between Portuguese and U.S. children.
Methods: Portuguese (n = 508; 10.14 +/- 2.13 years , mean +/- SD) and U.S. (n = 710; 9.48 +/- 1.62 years) children performed tests of cardiorespiratory fitness (Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run), upper body strength (handgrip), locomotor skill performance (standing long jump), and object projection skill performance (throwing and kicking). Portuguese and U.S. children were divided into 2 age groups (6=9 and 10=13 years) for data analysis purposes. A two=factor one=way analysis of covariance (ANOVA) was conducted with the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endur ance Run, handgrip, standing long jump scores, kicking, and throwing speed (km/h) as dependent variables.
Results: Results indicated that Portuguese children, irrespective of sex, presented better performances in locomotor and cardiorespiratory performance (standing long jump and Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run) than U.S. children in both age bands. U.S. children outper formed Portuguese children during throwing and handgrip tests. Kicking tests presented gender differences: Portuguese boys and U.S. girls
outperformed their internationally matched counterparts.
Conclusion: Cultural differences in physical education curricula and sports participation may impact differences in motor competence and fitness development in these countries.4811-99FE-2ECD | Luis Paulo RodriguesN/
Fit to Play? Health-Related Fitness Levels of Youth Athletes: A Pilot Study
A recent National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement suggests that many youth are not prepared for the physical demands of sport. The purpose of this study was to compare health-related fitness (HRF) of youth athletes with normative findings from the general population. We recruited 136 athletes (63 male and 73 female athletes) aged 11-19 (16.01 Âą 1.35) years and collected HRF (body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal strength and endurance). Results were categorized based on FITNESSGRAMÂŽ standards and compared with Canadian youth general population normative data. Most male athletes were classified as "needs improvement" for cardiorespiratory and muscular endurance, and body mass index (BMI). Conversely, most female athletes were at or above the "healthy fitness zone" for all measures. Male athletes at both age groups (11-14, 15-19; p < 0.001) and female athletes aged 11-14 (p < 0.05) demonstrated lower cardiorespiratory endurance compared with Canadian general population. Female athletes (both age groups) demonstrated greater muscular strength, and male athletes (age, 15-19 years) demonstrated lower BMI than the Canadian general population. The results are concerning as male athletes demonstrated poorer HRF compared with the general population. Although most female athletes were within healthy ranges, a portion of them were still at risk. Considering the demands sport places on the body, evaluating HRF is paramount for performance and injury prevention but more importantly for overall health. Youth sport and strength coaches should evaluate and aim to enhance HRF, as participation in sport does not guarantee adequate HRF. Promoting long-term athletic development and life-long health should be a priority in youth
Functional Movement Screen(TM) in Youth Sport Participants: Evaluating the Proficiency Barrier for Injury
Background & Purpose: The number of youth participating in sport increases yearly; however, the evaluation of youthsâ movement
ability and preparedness for sport remains inadequate or neglected. The Functional Movement Screen (FMSâ˘) is an assessment
of an individualâs movement quality that has been utilized to evaluate risk of injury in collegiate and professional sport;
however, there is minimal support regarding the predictive value of the screen in youth sport. The purpose of this study was to
evaluate the mean and distribution of FMS⢠performance in sport participants age 11-18, and to evaluate the existence of a composite
FMS⢠score proficiency barrier to predict injury risk.
Study Design: Prospective cohort study.
Methods: One hundred, thirty-six participants (63 male, 73 female) age 11 to 18 years (16.01 + 1.35) were recruited from local
schools and sport organizations. The FMS⢠was administered prior to each participantâs competitive season and scored by researchers
who demonstrated reliability in assessments derived from the screen (Îşw = 0.70 to 1). Injury data were collected by the participantsâ
Athletic Trainer over one season. An injury was defined as any physical insult or harm resulting from sports participation
that required an evaluation from a health professional with time modified or time lost from sport participation.
Results: Females scored significantly higher than males for mean FMS⢠composite score (t=14.40; m=12.62; p < 0.001), and on
individual measures including: the hurdle step (t=1.91; m=1.65; p < 0.001), shoulder mobility (t=2.68; m=2.02; p < 0.001), active
straight leg raise (t=2.32; m=1.87; p < 0.001), and the rotary stability components (t=1.91; m=1.65; p < 0.05). Two FMS⢠composite
scores (score <14 and <15) significantly increased the odds of injury (OR=2.955). When adjusting for sport, there was no
score relating to increased odds of injury.
Conclusion: Dysfunctional movement as identified by the FMS⢠may be related to increased odds of injury during the competitive
season in youth athletes. Consideration of an individualâs movement within the context of their sport is necessary, as each sport
and individual have unique characteristics. Addressing movement dysfunction may aid in injury reduction and potentially improve
sport performance.
Level of Evidence: 1b.
Key Words: Functional movement screen, injury prevention, movement system, movement quality, youth spor
The association between the functional movement screen (tm), y-balance test, and physical performance tests in male and female high school athletes
Background: Poor balance, lack of neuromuscular control, and movement ability are predictors of performance and injury risk in
sports and physical activity participation. The Functional Movement Screen⢠(FMSâ˘) and lower quarter Y-Balance Test (YBT) have
been used by clinicians to evaluate balance, functional symmetry, and static and dynamic movement patterns, yet little information exists regarding the relationship between the FMSâ˘, YBT, and physical performance tests (e.g. vertical jump) within the high
school population.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the FMSTM, dynamic balance as measured by the
YBT and physical performance tests (standing long jump, vertical jump, Pro Agility Test) in male and female high school
athletes.
Study Design: Cohort study.
Methods: Fifty-six high school athletes (28 females, 28 males; mean age 16.4 Âą 0.1) who participated in organized team sports were
tested. Participants performed the FMSâ˘, YBT, and three physical performance tests (standing long jump, vertical jump, Pro Agility
Test).
Results: Females outperformed males on the FMS⢠and YBT, while males outperformed females on the performance tests. In both
sexes, the composite FMSTM score was positively correlated with the left and composite YBT scores. Agility was negatively correlated with composite FMSTM in males (p < 0.05) and the left and composite YBT in females (p < 0.05).
Conclusions: The FMST M and YBT may evaluate similar underlying constructs in high school athletes, such as dynamic balance
and lower extremity power. The results of this study demonstrate the utility of the FMS and YBT to relate multiple constructs of
muscular power to an individualâs ability to balance. Furthermore, establishing the need for the utilization and application of
multiple field-based tests by sports medicine professionals and strength and conditioning coaches when evaluating an athleteâs
movement and physical performance capabilities. Utilization of multiple field-based tests may provide the first step for the development of injury prevention strategies and long-term athlete development programs
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