Genetic correlations between conformation traits and radiographic findings in the limbs of German Warmblood riding horses

Studbook inspection (SBI) data of 20 768 German Warmblood mares and radiography results (RR) data of 5102 Hanoverian Warmblood horses were used for genetic correlation analyses. The scores on a scale from 0 to 10 were given for conformation and basic quality of gaits, resulting in 14 SBI traits which were used for the correlation analyses. The radiographic findings considered included osseous fragments in fetlock (OFF) and hock joints (OFH), deforming arthropathy in hock joints (DAH) and distinct radiographic findings in the navicular bones (DNB) which were analyzed as binary traits, and radiographic appearance of the navicular bones (RNB) which was analyzed as a quasi-linear trait. Genetic parameters were estimated multivariately in linear animal models with REML using information on 24 448 horses with SBI and/or RR records. The ranges of heritability estimates were h2 = 0.14–0.34 for the RR traits and h2 = 0.09–0.50 for the SBI traits. Negative additive genetic correlations of rg = -0.19 to -0.56 were estimated between OFF and conformation of front and hind limbs and walk at hand, and between DNB and hind limb conformation. There were indications of negative additive genetic correlations between DAH and all SBI traits, but because of low prevalence and low heritability of DAH, these results require further scrutiny. Positive additive genetic correlations of rg = 0.37–0.52 were estimated between OFF and withers height and between OFH and withers height, indicating that selection for taller horses will increase disposition to develop OFF and OFH. Selection of broodmares with regards to functional conformation will assist, but cannot replace possible selection against radiographic findings in the limbs of young Warmblood riding horses, particularly with regards to OFF

Ephesus and the Ephesia – palaeogeographical and geoarchaeological research about a famous city in Western Anatolia

Ephesus was one of the most important harbour cities of the Roman Empire. This dissertation deals with the environmental changes of Ephesus and the Ephesia, i.e., the area surrounding the city (the so-called chora), with particular focus on (i) the detection of Holocene coastline changes along the Küçük Menderes graben, (ii) the investigation of Ephesus’ different harbours and settlement sites, and (iii) the reconstruction of the landscape evolution in the Ephesia especially under the aspect of human-environment interactions since Neolithic times. To achieve these goals, drill cores were retrieved from geo-bio-archives and analysed with sedimentological, geochemical, micro- and macrofaunistic, micromorphological, palynological and parasitological methods. Geophysical measurements and archaeobotanical investigations support these studies. The chronology is based on 14C age estimates, archaeological evidence (e.g., diagnostic ceramics) and historical accounts. The results prove that the postglacial sea-level rise had created a marine embayment, which reached c. 20 km inland during the middle of the 6th millennium BC. When the speed of this transgression decelerated considerably, the Küçük Menderes river started to prograde its delta. Two phases of delta advance can be distinguished: a slow progradation with low sedimentation rates between the 5th and the 1st millennia BC (up to 1 mm/y), and a much faster advance since then (c. 4–30 mm/y). The most likely reason for this considerable increase is human activities (mainly deforestation). Settling in the Ephesia started during the Neolithic period. Two settlement sites in the floodplains of the Arvalya and Derbent valleys south of the Küçük Menderes graben, Arvalya Höyük and Çucuriçi Höyük, date to the 7th millennium BC. These settlement mounds are located c. 1.5–2 km south of the former coastline. With the continued westward progradation of the deltas of the Küçük Menderes and its tributaries, the settlements and their harbours had to be shifted as well. The location of the so-called Sacred harbour near the Artemision, the famous Temple of Artemis, could be identified as a natural beach in a small embayment near the foot of Ayasoluk hill. It was in use from c. 1500 BC to max. 400 BC. With the ongoing siltation of the Sacred harbour, the Koressos harbour c. 1.5 km to the west came in use until this embayment was silted up as well. Thus, the city and its harbour were re-located further to the west in 289/288 BC by Lysimachos. This harbour was the predecessor of the hexagonal Roman–Byzantine harbour basin; it was intensively used from the 1st century BC to the 6th/7th centuries AD. While this site was most likely still accessible until the 13th century AD, the progressive siltation required the establishment of yet another harbour (Late Roman to Byzantine), located about 3.5 km to the west of the city and presumably in use until around AD 1000. Two more harbour sites can be detected even further to the west. The harbours of Ephesus reveal the typical stratigraphy of a port in the Mediterranean: pre-harbour deposits at the base (i), overlain by harbour layers which were accumulated in a protected artificial basin and are characterised by increased sedimentation rates as well as a change in the microfossil assemblage (ii), and harbour abandonment layers on top (iii). In the Roman harbour and the harbour canal there are several indicators for dredging activities. The following conclusions can be drawn regarding the vegetation changes. The presence of Cerealia-type pollen indicates agricultural activities as early as in the 7th millennium BC although by then the hills and hillslopes were still forested, i.e. covered by a natural vegetation community with an arboreal dominance of Quercus robur/cerris-type trees. Increased human activities are confirmed in the Roman harbour archive with eggs of intestinal parasites and roundworms, fruit tree pollen and heavy metal pollution; an intensive use is evident from the 1st century BC onwards. While high amounts of pine wood were used in Ephesus, low values of Pinus in the pollen profile seem to confirm deforestation activities in the vicinity of the city. Decreased human impact is reflected in the pollen record after the 6th/7th centuries AD with the decline of the city. The swamps of Belevi in the hinterland of Ephesus are not only an excellent archive for the vegetation changes discussed above. They also archived an event layer: the Santorini ash of c. 1630 BC. It is the first find of this tephra in the environs of Ephesus

Influence of priors in Bayesian estimation of genetic parameters for multivariate threshold models using Gibbs sampling

Simulated data were used to investigate the influence of the choice of priors on estimation of genetic parameters in multivariate threshold models using Gibbs sampling. We simulated additive values, residuals and fixed effects for one continuous trait and liabilities of four binary traits, and QTL effects for one of the liabilities. Within each of four replicates six different datasets were generated which resembled different practical scenarios in horses with respect to number and distribution of animals with trait records and availability of QTL information. (Co)Variance components were estimated using a Bayesian threshold animal model via Gibbs sampling. The Gibbs sampler was implemented with both a flat and a proper prior for the genetic covariance matrix. Convergence problems were encountered in > 50% of flat prior analyses, with indications of potential or near posterior impropriety between about round 10 000 and 100 000. Terminations due to non-positive definite genetic covariance matrix occurred in flat prior analyses of the smallest datasets. Use of a proper prior resulted in improved mixing and convergence of the Gibbs chain. In order to avoid (near) impropriety of posteriors and extremely poorly mixing Gibbs chains, a proper prior should be used for the genetic covariance matrix when implementing the Gibbs sampler

Predictive design of sigma factor-specific promoters

To engineer synthetic gene circuits, molecular building blocks are developed which can modulate gene expression without interference, mutually or with the host's cell machinery. As the complexity of gene circuits increases, automated design tools and tailored building blocks to ensure perfect tuning of all components in the network are required. Despite the efforts to develop prediction tools that allow forward engineering of promoter transcription initiation frequency (TIF), such a tool is still lacking. Here, we use promoter libraries of E. coli sigma factor 70 (sigma (70))- and B. subtilis sigma (B)-, sigma (F)- and sigma (W)-dependent promoters to construct prediction models, capable of both predicting promoter TIF and orthogonality of the sigma -specific promoters. This is achieved by training a convolutional neural network with high-throughput DNA sequencing data from fluorescence-activated cell sorted promoter libraries. This model functions as the base of the online promoter design tool (ProD), providing tailored promoters for tailored genetic systems. Automated design tools and tailored subunits are beneficial in fine-tuning all components of a complex genetic circuit. Here the authors create E. coli and B. subtilis promoter libraries using FACS and HTS, from which an online promoter design tool has been developed using CNN

Raumentwicklung 3.0 - Gemeinsam die Zukunft der räumlichen Planung gestalten: 15. Junges Forum der ARL 6. bis 8. Juni 2012 in Hannover

Die Tagung des Jungen Forums der ARL vom 6. bis 8. Juni 2012 in Hannover setzte sich mit dem Leitgedanken "Raumentwicklung 3.0 - Gemeinsam die Zukunft der räumlichen Planung gestalten" auseinander. Ziel war es, Perspektiven für die Zukunft der räumlichen Planung aufzuzeigen. Der Hintergrund für die thematische Ausrichtung der Jahrestagung ist, dass sich digitale soziale Netzwerke und zahlreiche andere Möglichkeiten der Interaktion im Web immer stärker auf die Raumentwicklung auswirken. Die neuen Möglichkeiten der Information, Kommunikation und Partizipation verändern das Verhalten der Menschen und infolgedessen auch die Raumentwicklung in ihrer Mehrdimensionalität in erheblichem Maße. Die Folgen der neuen Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien sind aber nur eine von vielen aktuellen und zukünftig absehbaren Herausforderungen, die Auswirkungen auf die räumliche Planung und Entwicklung haben werden. Daher sind nicht nur die Neuen Medien Thema, sondern auch die Zukunft der Raumentwicklung sowie der räumlichen Planung selbst und die Chancen, diese Zukunft mitzugestalten. Ausgangspunkt der Beitrage in diesem Band sind folgende Leitfragen: Was sind die Herausforderungen und Chancen, vor denen die Raumentwicklung in Zukunft stehen wird? Welche Trends reizen Planerinnen und Planer zu ungewohnlichen Herangehensweisen und zur Entwicklung unkonventioneller Losungswege? Welche (normativen) Konzepte der raumlichen Planung sind geeignet, um einerseits die heutigen Anforderungen zu erfullen und andererseits den kunftigen Herausforderungen gewachsen zu sein? Wie sollten und konnten Prozesse der raumlichen Planung kunftig gestaltet werden, um die anstehenden Herausforderungen bewaltigen zu konnen? Warum uberhaupt planen? Was ist der Zweck der raumlichen Planung? Welchen Leitvorstellungen und Planungsmaximen soll und kann sie folgen? Diese Fragen bildeten den Schwerpunkt des gemeinsamen Austauschs auf der Tagung des Jungen Forums in Hannover, mit denen sich die Teilnehmer in ihren Vortragen und in anschliesenden Diskussionen auseinandersetzten. Die Ergebnisse der Tagung fliesen in die Beitrage dieser Veroffentlichung ein.The ARL Young Professionals' Forum met in Hannover from 6th to 8th June 2012 to discuss "Spatial development 3.0 - Shaping the future of spatial planning together". The goal was to illustrate perspectives for the future of spatial planning. The background for the thematic focus of the annual conference is that digital social networks and the many other forms of interaction on the internet are increasingly affecting spatial development. The new possibilities for information, communication and participation are changing people's behaviour and thus also significantly are impacting spatial development in all its multidimensionality. The consequences of the new information and communication technologies are, however, only one of many current and foreseeable challenges that will affect spatial planning and development. Therefore the focus is not only on New Media but rather on the future of spatial development and planning itself and on the possibilities of helping shape that future. The starting point for the papers in this volume are the following central questions: What are the challenges and opportunities that spatial planning will face in the future? What trends are provoking planners to implement unusual approaches and develop unconventional solutions? Which (normative) spatial planning concepts are suitable, firstly, to satisfy current requirements and, secondly, to cope with future challenges? How should and could processes of spatial planning be designed in the future in order to manage the challenges at hand? Why plan at all? What is the purpose of spatial planning? Which guiding visions and planning maxims should and can spatial planning follow? These questions formed the focus of exchanges at the conference of the Young Professionals' Forum in Hannover, and participants grappled with them both in presentations and in the discussions that followed. The findings of the conference are contained in the papers of this publication

The excavation at Limyra/Lycia 2016: preliminary report

Research focus “urbanistic studies in Limyra” With the approval of the scientific project “The Urbanistic Development of Limyra in the Hellenistic Period” for three years by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF) (P29027-G25), the research program on urbanism that had already been conducted for several years could be intensified in 2016. Particular focus should be given to the development of Limyra especially in the period under consideration, whereby the extent, the structures, and the urban image ..

Leveraging Accelerometer Data for Lameness Detection in Dairy Cows: A Longitudinal Study of Six Farms in Germany

Lameness in dairy cows poses a significant challenge to improving animal well-being and optimizing economic efficiency in the dairy industry. To address this, employing automated animal surveillance for early lameness detection and prevention through activity sensors proves to be a promising strategy. In this study, we analyzed activity (accelerometer) data and additional cow-individual and farm-related data from a longitudinal study involving 4860 Holstein dairy cows on six farms in Germany during 2015–2016. We designed and investigated various statistical models and chose a logistic regression model with mixed effects capable of detecting lameness with a sensitivity of 77%. Our results demonstrate the potential of automated animal surveillance and hold the promise of significantly improving lameness detection approaches in dairy livestock

A synthesis of evidence for policy from behavioural science during COVID-19

Scientific evidence regularly guides policy decisions, with behavioural science increasingly part of this process. In April 2020, an influential paper proposed 19 policy recommendations (‘claims’) detailing how evidence from behavioural science could contribute to efforts to reduce impacts and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we assess 747 pandemic-related research articles that empirically investigated those claims. We report the scale of evidence and whether evidence supports them to indicate applicability for policymaking. Two independent teams, involving 72 reviewers, found evidence for 18 of 19 claims, with both teams finding evidence supporting 16 (89%) of those 18 claims. The strongest evidence supported claims that anticipated culture, polarization and misinformation would be associated with policy effectiveness. Claims suggesting trusted leaders and positive social norms increased adherence to behavioural interventions also had strong empirical support, as did appealing to social consensus or bipartisan agreement. Targeted language in messaging yielded mixed effects and there were no effects for highlighting individual benefits or protecting others. No available evidence existed to assess any distinct differences in effects between using the terms ‘physical distancing’ and ‘social distancing’. Analysis of 463 papers containing data showed generally large samples; 418 involved human participants with a mean of 16,848 (median of 1,699). That statistical power underscored improved suitability of behavioural science research for informing policy decisions. Furthermore, by implementing a standardized approach to evidence selection and synthesis, we amplify broader implications for advancing scientific evidence in policy formulation and prioritization

Patterns of Alcohol Consumption Among Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Lockdowns in Germany

Importance Alcohol consumption (AC) leads to death and disability worldwide. Ongoing discussions on potential negative effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on AC need to be informed by real-world evidence. Objective To examine whether lockdown measures are associated with AC and consumption-related temporal and psychological within-person mechanisms. Design, Setting, and Participants This quantitative, intensive, longitudinal cohort study recruited 1743 participants from 3 sites from February 20, 2020, to February 28, 2021. Data were provided before and within the second lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany: before lockdown (October 2 to November 1, 2020); light lockdown (November 2 to December 15, 2020); and hard lockdown (December 16, 2020, to February 28, 2021). Main Outcomes and Measures Daily ratings of AC (main outcome) captured during 3 lockdown phases (main variable) and temporal (weekends and holidays) and psychological (social isolation and drinking intention) correlates. Results Of the 1743 screened participants, 189 (119 [63.0%] male; median [IQR] age, 37 [27.5-52.0] years) with at least 2 alcohol use disorder (AUD) criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition) yet without the need for medically supervised alcohol withdrawal were included. These individuals provided 14 694 smartphone ratings from October 2020 through February 2021. Multilevel modeling revealed significantly higher AC (grams of alcohol per day) on weekend days vs weekdays (β = 11.39; 95% CI, 10.00-12.77; P < .001). Alcohol consumption was above the overall average on Christmas (β = 26.82; 95% CI, 21.87-31.77; P < .001) and New Year’s Eve (β = 66.88; 95% CI, 59.22-74.54; P < .001). During the hard lockdown, perceived social isolation was significantly higher (β = 0.12; 95% CI, 0.06-0.15; P < .001), but AC was significantly lower (β = −5.45; 95% CI, −8.00 to −2.90; P = .001). Independent of lockdown, intention to drink less alcohol was associated with lower AC (β = −11.10; 95% CI, −13.63 to −8.58; P < .001). Notably, differences in AC between weekend and weekdays decreased both during the hard lockdown (β = −6.14; 95% CI, −9.96 to −2.31; P = .002) and in participants with severe AUD (β = −6.26; 95% CI, −10.18 to −2.34; P = .002). Conclusions and Relevance This 5-month cohort study found no immediate negative associations of lockdown measures with overall AC. Rather, weekend-weekday and holiday AC patterns exceeded lockdown effects. Differences in AC between weekend days and weekdays evinced that weekend drinking cycles decreased as a function of AUD severity and lockdown measures, indicating a potential mechanism of losing and regaining control. This finding suggests that temporal patterns and drinking intention constitute promising targets for prevention and intervention, even in high-risk individuals

A synthesis of evidence for policy from behavioural science during COVID-19

Scientific evidence regularly guides policy decisions, with behavioural science increasingly part of this process. In April 2020, an influential paper proposed 19 policy recommendations (‘claims’) detailing how evidence from behavioural science could contribute to efforts to reduce impacts and end the COVID-19 pandemic. Here we assess 747 pandemic-related research articles that empirically investigated those claims. We report the scale of evidence and whether evidence supports them to indicate applicability for policymaking. Two independent teams, involving 72 reviewers, found evidence for 18 of 19 claims, with both teams finding evidence supporting 16 (89%) of those 18 claims. The strongest evidence supported claims that anticipated culture, polarization and misinformation would be associated with policy effectiveness. Claims suggesting trusted leaders and positive social norms increased adherence to behavioural interventions also had strong empirical support, as did appealing to social consensus or bipartisan agreement. Targeted language in messaging yielded mixed effects and there were no effects for highlighting individual benefits or protecting others. No available evidence existed to assess any distinct differences in effects between using the terms ‘physical distancing’ and ‘social distancing’. Analysis of 463 papers containing data showed generally large samples; 418 involved human participants with a mean of 16,848 (median of 1,699). That statistical power underscored improved suitability of behavioural science research for informing policy decisions. Furthermore, by implementing a standardized approach to evidence selection and synthesis, we amplify broader implications for advancing scientific evidence in policy formulation and prioritization