Maus Tratos na Primeira Infância – A Experiência de Um Hospital Terciário

Introdução: Os maus tratos (MT) na infância, têm repercussões na vida da criança e das comunidades. A identificação, particularmente difícil em estádios precoces do desenvolvimento, é essencial para a interrupção precoce dos MT. Objectivo: Caracterizar os casos sinalizados como MT até aos 3 anos de idade, num hospital terciário. Material e métodos: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo das sinalizações de crianças dos 0 aos 2 anos, no período de 2015 a 2017, atendendo ao sexo, família, forma de MT, origem da sinalização, agressor e se este coabitava com a criança. Resultados: Dos 460 casos reportados como MT, 72 (16%) pertenciam à faixa etária avaliada. A distribuição foi semelhante entre os sexos (33M-39F). Na maioria, vinham de famílias nucleares (31) ou monoparentais (22); foram sinalizadas pela Urgência (58-80%); a principal forma de MT foi a negligência (43- 60%) – estas crianças residiam maioritariamente com os pais. As sinalizações associadas a violência (19 por agressão física, 8 de abuso sexual (AS) e 2 exposição a violência doméstica) distribuíram-se por famílias monoparentais (11) seguida das nucleares (10), reconstruídas (5) e alargadas (3). Em 21 casos o agressor pertencia à família, em 13 era coabitante. Das 8 notificação por AS, em 5 a família era monoparental, o agressor era familiar em 6, só em 2 eram coabitantes. Conclusões: A identificação e prevenção de MT neste grupo etário é delicada, pois os agressores tendem a ser próximos da criança, e são até, muitas vezes, quem a traz ao SU. Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado um aumento das situações suspeitas de abuso sexual, algumas configurando casos de alienação parental. Todos estes aspectos exigem particular atenção dos profissionais de saúde, particularmente no SU, habitual porta de entrada destas situações.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A review of the distribution of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments and its application to considerations of risk

We review the evolution, state of the art and future lines of research on the sources, transport pathways, and sinks of particulate trace elements in urban terrestrial environments to include the atmosphere, soils, and street and indoor dusts. Such studies reveal reductions in the emissions of some elements of historical concern such as Pb, with interest consequently focusing on other toxic trace elements such as As, Cd, Hg, Zn, and Cu. While establishment of levels of these elements is important in assessing the potential impacts of human society on the urban environment, it is also necessary to apply this knowledge in conjunction with information on the toxicity of those trace elements and the degree of exposure of human receptors to an assessment of whether such contamination represents a real risk to the city’s inhabitants and therefore how this risk can be addressed

Interlaboratory Reproducibility of Contour Method Data in a High Strength Aluminum Alloy

Background: The contour method for residual stress measurement has seen significant development, but an experimental reproducibility study utilizing physical samples has not been published. Objective: A double-blind reproducibly study is reported, having scope beginning with EDM cutting and ending with residual stress calculation. Methods: A reinforced I-beam sample geometry is identified for its unique residual stress profile when extracted from residual stress bearing quenched aluminum bar (7050-T74). Contour measurements are prescribed on a midplane of symmetry with dimensions 24.0 mm by 50.0 mm. Fourteen identically prepared samples are fabricated from a single long bar with well characterized and uniform residual stress. Five samples throughout the bar are identified for planning measurements to validate sample uniformity and overall suitability of the residual stress field. The planning measurements employ a range of techniques: contour method, neutron diffraction, and hole-drilling. Eight samples are distributed to an international group of participants to execute their standard measurement practice. A double-blind process is followed to provide anonymity. Results: Results are provided by eight participants: six being self-similar and two being quite different, the latter set aside as outliers. An average residual stress field is established from non-outlying results and the spatial distribution of reproducibility standard deviation is determined. The average stress field ranges from -60 to 70 MPa and the reproducibility standard deviation averages 8.1 MPa on the measurement plane. The average reproducibility standard deviation is about 3 × larger for points within 1.0 mm of plane boundaries (17.6 MPa) than for the remaining points (6.1 MPa). Conclusions: Reproducibility standard deviation (among different labs) for contour method residual stress measurement is found to be very similar to repeatability standard deviation (in a single lab) reported in prior work. The reproducibility observed here, for the entire measurement process, is also similar to that found in a prior reproducibility study limited to contour method data analysis