Included, but Deportable: A New Public Health Approach to Policies That Criminalize and Integrate Immigrants.

There has been a burst of research on immigrant health in the United States and an increasing attention to the broad range of state and local policies that are social determinants of immigrant health. Many of these policies criminalize immigrants by regulating the "legality" of their day-to-day lives while others function to integrate immigrants through expanded rights and eligibility for health care, social services, and other resources.Research on the health impact of policies has primarily focused on the extremes of either criminalization or integration. Most immigrants in the United States, however, live in states that possess a combination of both criminalizing and integrating policies, resulting in distinct contexts that may influence their well-being.We present data describing the variations in criminalization and integration policies across states and provide a framework that identifies distinct but concurrent mechanisms of deportability and inclusion that can influence health. Future public health research and practice should address the ongoing dynamics created by both criminalization and integration policies as these likely exacerbate health inequities by citizenship status, race/ethnicity, and other social hierarchies

Cavitation Scaling Experiments with Axisymmetric Bodies

Several experiments by Ceccio and Brennen (1991, 1989) and Kumar and Brennen (1992, 1991) have closely examined the interaction between individual cavitation bubbles and the boundary layer, as well as statistical properties of the acoustical signals produced by the bubble collapse. All of these experiments were, however, conducted in the same facility with the same headform size (5.08cm in diameter) and over a fairly narrow range of flow velocities (around 9m/s). Clearly this raises the issue of how the phenomena identified change with speed, scale and facility. The present paper describes experiments conducted in order to try to answer some of these important questions regarding the scaling of the cavitation phenomena. The experiments were conducted in the Large Cavitation Channel of the David Taylor Research Center in Memphis Tennessee, on geometrically similar Schiebe headforms which are 5.08, 25.4 and 50.8cm in diameter for speeds ranging up to 15m/s and for a range of cavitation numbers

Regression Analysis of a Disease Onset Distribution Using Diagnosis Data

We consider methods for estimating the effect of a covariate on a disease onset distribution when the observed data structure consists of right-censored data on diagnosis times and current status data on onset times amongst individuals who have not yet been diagnosed. Dunson and Baird (2001) approached this problem using maximum likelihood, under the assumption that the ratio of the diagnosis and onset distributions is monotonic non-decreasing. As an alternative, we propose a two-step estimator, an extension of the approach of van der Laan, Jewell and Petersen (1997) in the single sample setting, that is computationally much simpler and requires no assumptions on this ratio. A simulation study is performed comparing estimates obtained from these two approaches, as well as that from a standard current status analysis that ignores diagnosis data. Results indicate that the Dunson and Baird estimator outperforms the two-step estimator when the monotonicity assumption holds, but the reverse is true when the assumption fails. The simple current status estimator loses only a small amount of precision in comparison to the two-step procedure but requires monitoring time information for all individuals. In the data that motivated this work, a study of uterine fibroids and chemical exposure to dioxin, the monotonicity assumption is seen to fail. Here, the two-step and current status estimators both show no significant association between the level of dioxin exposure and the hazard for onset of uterine fibroids; the two-step estimator of the relative hazard associated with increasing levels of exposure has the least estimated variance amongst the three estimators considered

Creating conditions to support healthy people: State policies that affect the health of undocumented immigrants and their families

This report focuses on policies that affect the social determinants of health—the circumstances into which people are born, grow up, live, work, and age—and that impact immigrants' ability to live healthy lives. It reviews laws and regulations created through ballot initiatives, legislation, or administrative decisions that determine the benefits, rights, or resources for undocumented immigrants. The aims of this report are to identify a range of inclusive and exclusive state policies that directly or indirectly impact the health of undocumented immigrants; create a framework for assessing the level of inclusion of state policies; and identify policies that can be changed to improve the ability of undocumented workers and their families to have healthy lives

Effect of oxygen minimum zone formation on communities of marine protists

Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2012. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 6 (2012): 1586–1601, doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.7.Changes in ocean temperature and circulation patterns compounded by human activities are leading to oxygen minimum zone expansion with concomitant alteration in nutrient and climate active trace gas cycling. Here, we report the response of microbial eukaryote populations to seasonal changes in water column oxygen-deficiency using Saanich Inlet, a seasonally anoxic fjord on the coast of Vancouver Island British Columbia, as a model ecosystem. We combine small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequencing approaches with multivariate statistical methods to reveal shifts in operational taxonomic units during successive stages of seasonal stratification and renewal. A meta-analysis is used to identify common and unique patterns of community composition between Saanich Inlet and the anoxic/sulfidic Cariaco Basin (Venezuela) and Framvaren Fjord (Norway) to show shared and unique responses of microbial eukaryotes to oxygen and sulfide in these three environments. Our analyses also reveal temporal fluctuations in rare populations of microbial eukaryotes, particularly anaerobic ciliates, that may be of significant importance to the biogeochemical cycling of methane in oxygen minimum zones.This work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy's Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program, and by the University of California, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract No., and Los Alamos National Laboratory (Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231, DE-AC52-07NA27344, DE-AC02-06NA25396), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada 328256-07 and STPSC 356988, Canada Foundation for Innovation (CFI) 17444; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), NSF MCB-0348407 to VE, NSF Center for Deep Energy Biosphere Investigations, and the Center for Bioinorganic Chemistry (CEBIC).2012-09-0

Fly ash concrete final report - the influence of Class C fly ash on the properties of concrete (81-03-3)

The behavior of concrete mixes containing various amounts of fly ash conforming to ASTM C-618, class c, was investigated. Twenty to fifty percent of the port 1 and cement lvas replaced on a weight basis. Two tasks were investigated simultaneously. Task 1 investigated the freeze-thaw durability of the various mixes using Procedure A, Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing in Water (ASTM C-666). Task 2 investigated the effects of ambient temperature. Concrete was batched and mixed at 55, 70, or 90 F (13,21,or 32 c) ; the influence of temperature on the quantities of mix water and air entraining agent dosage and on the time of set was established. Slump, unit weight, temperature, and air content were measured after initial mixing. The speed of the mixer was then reduced to 2 rpm and the concrete was subjected to agitation until it was unworkable; during this time the properties of the mix were determined at 30-minute intervals. Task 1 results indicated that all mixes tested exhibited high resistance to freeze-thaw action. As the percentage of fly ash was increased it was possible to reduce the amount of mix water; however, it was necessary to increase the dosage of air entrainment admixture. The 28-day compressive strength concrete was not strongly influenced by fly ash; a modest increase in strength was normally exhibited with 30 and percent fly ash replacement. Although fly ash significantly retarded the time of set, it appeared to slightly accelerate the rate of loss of slump. The air void system in the hardened concrete appeared to be unaffected by the percentage of fly ash.Final Report Dec. 1980 to July 1983N

Immunogenicity and safety of three consecutive production lots of the non replicating smallpox vaccine MVA: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled phase III trial

<div><p>Background</p><p>Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) is a live, viral vaccine under advanced development as a non-replicating smallpox vaccine. A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial was conducted to demonstrate the humoral immunogenic equivalence of three consecutively manufactured MVA production lots, and to confirm the safety and tolerability of MVA focusing on cardiac readouts.</p><p>Methods</p><p>The trial was conducted at 34 sites in the US. Vaccinia-naïve adults aged 18-40 years were randomly allocated to one of four groups using a 1:1:1:1 randomization scheme. Subjects received either two MVA injections from three consecutive lots (Groups 1-3), or two placebo injections (Group 4), four weeks apart. Everyone except personnel involved in vaccine handling and administration was blinded to treatment. Safety assessment focused on cardiac monitoring throughout the trial. Vaccinia-specific antibody titers were measured using a Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test (PRNT) and an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The primary immunogenicity endpoint was Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) after two MVA vaccinations measured by PRNT at trial visit 4. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01144637.</p><p>Results</p><p>Between March 2013 and May 2014, 4005 subjects were enrolled and received at least one injection of MVA (n = 3003) or placebo (n = 1002). The three MVA lots induced equivalent antibody titers two weeks after the second vaccination, with seroconversion rates of 99·8% (PRNT) and 99·7% (ELISA). Overall, 180 (6·0%) subjects receiving MVA and 29 (2·9%) subjects in the placebo group reported at least one unsolicited Adverse Event (AE) that was considered trial-related. Vaccination was well tolerated without significant safety concerns, particularly regarding cardiac assessment.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>The neutralizing and total antibody titers induced by each of the three lots were equivalent. No significant safety concerns emerged in this healthy trial population, especially regarding cardiac safety, thus confirming the excellent safety and tolerability profile of MVA.</p><p>Trial registration</p><p>ClinicalTrials.gov <a href="https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01144637" target="_blank">NCT01144637</a></p></div