Financial Performance Value-Added Dairy Operations in New York, Vermont and Wisconsin

Federal, state and local governments have funded various efforts to support value added agriculture, often implicitly assuming that the enterprises would be profitable and that the transition from commodity producer to producer-processor-marketer-distributor would be relatively easy. Some analysts (e.g., Streeter and Bills; 2003a, 2003b) have questioned both of these assumptions, noting that available aggregate data do not allow assessment of the financial performance of value-added enterprises. Our study collected detailed financial information from 27 value-added dairy enterprises with cows, goats or sheep in three states. These businesses processed and marketed cheese, fluid milk products and yogurt; 17 had begun processing during the previous three years. The financial information was used to develop income statements and balance sheets for both the milk production and the dairy processing and marketing enterprises. Our results suggest that value-added dairy is not a panacea: despite much higher revenues per unit milk produced or processed, mean net income for the processing enterprise and for the combined milk production and processing business were modest at best and often negative. More than half of the on-farm processors had negative net incomes from processing, and seven processing enterprises had negative net worth. On average, returns per cwt milk processed were $90 per cwt and$209 per cwt (for cow and goat/sheep milk producers, respectively) lower than the full economic costs of production and processing.small-scale dairy processing, value added, financial performance, profitability, Agricultural Finance,

Subgroups of some (2, 3, n) triangle groups

As an abstract group, the (2,3,n) triangle group has the presentation mit _n = This thesis is concerned with subgroups of finite index in mit 9, mit _11 and mit 13. With a subgroup of finite index, u, in the (2,3,11) triangle group, we associate a quintuple of non-negative integers (u,p,e,f,g), with u 1 and 5u = 132(p - 1) + 33e + 44f + 60g. We show in Theorem 1.4.6 that each quintuple, satisfying the conditions, corresponds to a subgroup of mit 11. With a subgroup of finite index, u, in the (2,3,12) triangle group, we associate a quintuple of non-negative integers (u,p,e,f,g), with u 1 and 7u = 156(p - 1) + 39e + 52f + 72g. We show in Theorem 3.3.6 that each quintuple, satisfying the conditions, corresponds to a subgroup of mit 13. With a subgroup of finite index, u, in the (2,3,9) triangle group, we associate a sextuple of non-negative integers (u,p,e,f,g1,g3) with u 1, u = f (mod 3) and u = 36(p - 1) + 9e + 12f + 16g_1 + 12g_3. We show in Theorem 2,3,9 that each sextuple, satisfying the conditions, corresponds to a subgroup of mit 9 with the following exceptions: (a) (12n+ 9,0,1,0,0,n+ 3), V n 0 (b) (24,0,0,0,0,5) (c) (24,0,0,0,3,1) (d) (24,0,0,3,0,2) Coset diagrams are used extensively in the proofs, although to prove exception (a) for mit 9, we make use of Hauptmodul equations (see [1] and [23]). Computer programs were developed to generate all quintuples satisfying the relevant conditions for (2,3,110 subgroups for u 101, all quintuples satisfying the relevant conditions for (2,3,13) subgroups for u 110, and all sextuples satisfying the relevant conditions for (2,3,9) subgroups for u 38. These programs and their output are presented in the Appendices. We show in Theorem 1.2.2 that quintuples, which satisfy the relevant (2,3,11) conditions, exist for each u 99. We show in Theorem 2.2.1 that sextuples, which satisfy the relevant (2,3,9) conditions, exist for each u 36. We show in Theorem 3.2.1 that quintuples, which satisfy the relevant (2,3,13) conditions, exist for each u 104

Laser damage to spherical targets.

http://archive.org/details/laserdamagetosph00ste

Evaluation Framework for Water Quality Trading Programs in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Water quality trading programs are being proposed and implemented across the US in a variety of forms and with differing objectives. The programs being proposed and implemented in the Chesapeake Bay region are no exception. Against this background the Chesapeake Bay Program's Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee and the Mid-Atlantic Water Program requested a general framework to inform and guide the evaluation of the performance trading programs. This resulting report was developed by a workgroup comprised of ten individuals with extensive experience in the study, design, and evaluation of trading programs. While the impetus for this report was to improve evaluation of trading programs in the Chesapeake Bay region, the evaluation framework is broad enough to apply to trading programs in general

Warmer temperature decreases the maximum length of six species of marine fishes, crustacean, and squid in New Zealand

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Nuclear Spin Relaxation

Nuclear spin relaxation rates due to magnetic dipole interactions and atomic diffusion in solids are calculated for some two- and three-dimensional systems and for some models of common diffusion mechanisms. NMR magnetic dipolar spectral density functions are obtained for some lattice diffusion models for two-dimensional lattice diffusion on a square lattice and compared with the results for the BPP and continuum diffusion models. Numerical results and analytic approximations are obtained for dipolar interactions between spins diffusing in a plane, and interactions between diffusing spins in a plane with fixed spins in a separate parallel plane. Results for the longitudinal spin relaxation rates in the laboratory and rotating frames are obtained for square lattices and show strong dependence on the direction of the applied magnetic field relative to the crystal axes. A simple matrix expression is derived for the atom jump probabilities due to an interstitial defect moving by an interstitialcy diffusion mechanism. This expression is used to obtain the tracer correlation factor and to calculate the atom jump probabilities numerically for various cubic and two-dimensional systems. An integral expression, involving atom jump probabilities, is obtained for the atomic displacement probabilities due to a single atom-defect encounter

Modular invariance, lattice field theories and finite size corrections

We give a lattice theory treatment of certain one and two dimensional quantum field theories. In one dimension we construct a combinatorial version of a non-trivial field theory on the circle which is of some independent interest in itself while in two dimensions we consider a field theory on a toroidal triangular lattice. We take a continuous spin Gaussian model on a toroidal triangular lattice with periods $L_0$ and $L_1$ where the spins carry a representation of the fundamental group of the torus labeled by phases $u_0$ and $u_1$. We compute the {\it exact finite size and lattice corrections}, to the partition function $Z$, for arbitrary mass $m$ and phases $u_i$. Summing $Z^{-1/2}$ over a specified set of phases gives the corresponding result for the Ising model on a torus. An interesting property of the model is that the limits $m\rightarrow0$ and $u_i\rightarrow0$ do not commute. Also when $m=0$ the model exhibits a {\it vortex critical phase} when at least one of the $u_i$ is non-zero. In the continuum or scaling limit, for arbitrary $m$, the finite size corrections to $-\ln Z$ are {\it modular invariant} and for the critical phase are given by elliptic theta functions. In the cylinder limit $L_1\rightarrow\infty$ the ``cylinder charge'' $c(u_0,m^2L_0^2)$ is a non-monotonic function of $m$ that ranges from $2(1+6u_0(u_0-1))$ for $m=0$ to zero for $m\rightarrow\infty$ but from which one can determine the central charge $c$. The study of the continuum limit of these field theories provides a kind of quantum theoretic analog of the link between certain combinatorial and analytic topological quantities.Comment: 25 pages Plain Te

Warm and cold temperatures limit the maximum body length of teleost fishes across a latitudinal gradient in Norwegian waters

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