All trout sampled

File including the length, weight, and river sampled from for each fish in the study, as well as the unique identifier of each individual. Individuals can be traced through all other files through this identifier

Kicksampled invertebrates

Number of invertebrates from each taxonomic group found in kicksamples taken in each stream. The number of invertebrates was estimated by counting a large subsample, then multiplying up to reach the number of inverts in the whole sample

Quantitative Fishings

Quantitative fishing effort for all streams used in the study to calculate average density of fish in both groundwater and surface water fed streams. The file shows raw data for counts in each run, number of runs fished, and length and average width of the stream in the sampled section. Densities are calculated using a removal sampling formula to calculate "true" number of fish in the section, then dividing by the area

It’s the economy, stupid! When economics and politics override health policy goals – the case of tax reliefs to build private hospitals in Ireland in the early 2000s [version 2; referees: 2 approved]

Objectives: To analyse the policy process that led to changes to the Finance Acts in 2001 and 2002 that gave tax-reliefs to build private hospitals in Ireland. Methods: Qualitative research methods of documentary analysis and in-depth semi-structured interviews with elites involved in the policy processes, were used and examined through a conceptual framework devised for this research. Results: This research found a highly politicised and personalised policy making process where policy entrepreneurs, namely private sector interests, had significant impact on the policy process. Effective private sector lobbying encouraged the Minister of Finance to introduce the tax-reliefs for building private hospitals despite advice against this policy measure from his own officials, officials in the Department of Health and the health minister. The Finance Acts in 2001 and 2002 introduced tax-reliefs for building private hospitals, without any public or political scrutiny or consensus. Conclusion: The changes to the Finance Acts to give tax-reliefs to build private hospitals in 2001 and private for-profit hospitals 2002 is an example of a closed, personalised policy making process. It is an example of a politically imposed policy by the finance minister, where economic policy goals overrode health policy goals. The documentary analysis and elite interviews examined through a conceptual framework enabled an in-depth analysis of this specific policy making process. These methods and the framework may be useful to other policy making analyses.</p

Raw Isotope Data

Raw isotopic values for each fish, along with length, weight and unique identifier for these fish. In addition, baseline values for each stream are also contained in the file

Stomach contents

Raw stomach content count data. For every fish, with its given unique identifier number, the number of prey items of each taxonomic group found in the stomach is given. These are total counts of all stomach contents, not estimates based on a subsample

Habitat Data

Flow regime and substrate type data, recorded in percent of each river. PCA of stability is based on these variables

Facilitators and barriers to stakeholder engagement in advance care planning for older adults in community settings: a hybrid systematic review protocol [version 1; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Background: Poor stakeholder engagement in advance care planning (ACP) poses national and international challenges, preventing maximisation of its potential benefits. Conceptualisation of advance care planning as a health behaviour highlights the need to design innovative, evidence-based strategies that will facilitate meaningful end-of-life care decision-making. Aim: To review systematically and synthesise quantitative and qualitative evidence on barriers and facilitators to stakeholders` engagement in ACP for older adults (≥ 50 years old) in a community setting. Methods: A hybrid systematic review will be conducted, identifying studies for consideration in two phases. First, databases will be searched from inception to identify relevant prior systematic reviews, and assess all studies included in those reviews against eligibility criteria (Phase 1). Second, databases will be searched systematically for individual studies falling outside the timeframe of those reviews (Phase 2). A modified SPIDER framework informed eligibility criteria. A study will be considered if it (a) included relevant adult stakeholders; (b) explored engagement in ACP among older adults (≥50 years old); (c) employed any type of design; (d) identified enablers and/or barriers to events specified in the Organising Framework of ACP Outcomes; (e) used either quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods methodology; and (f) evaluated phenomena of interest in a community setting (e.g., primary care or community healthcare centres). Screening, selection, bias assessment, and data extraction will be completed independently by two reviewers. Integrated methodologies will be employed and quantitative and qualitative data will be combined into a single mixed method synthesis. The Behaviour Change Wheel will be used as an overarching analytical framework and to facilitate interpretation of findings. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers` Manual and PRISMA-P guidelines have been used to inform this protocol development. Registration: This protocol has been submitted for registration on PROSPERO and is awaiting review.</p

Facilitators and barriers to stakeholder engagement in advance care planning for older adults in community settings: a hybrid systematic review protocol [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 1 approved with reservations]

Background: Poor stakeholder engagement in advance care planning (ACP) poses national and international challenges, preventing maximisation of its potential benefits. Conceptualisation of advance care planning as a health behaviour highlights the need to design innovative, evidence-based strategies that will facilitate meaningful end-of-life care decision-making. Aim: To review systematically and synthesise quantitative and qualitative evidence on barriers and facilitators to stakeholders` engagement in ACP for older adults (≥ 50 years old) in a community setting. Methods: A hybrid systematic review will be conducted, identifying studies for consideration in two phases. First, databases will be searched from inception to identify relevant prior systematic reviews, and assess all studies included in those reviews against eligibility criteria (Phase 1). Second, databases will be searched systematically for individual studies falling outside the timeframe of those reviews (Phase 2). A modified SPIDER framework informed eligibility criteria. A study will be considered if it (a) included relevant adult stakeholders; (b) explored engagement in ACP among older adults (≥50 years old); (c) employed any type of design; (d) identified enablers and/or barriers to events specified in the Organising Framework of ACP Outcomes; (e) used either quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods methodology; and (f) evaluated phenomena of interest in a community setting (e.g., primary care or community healthcare centres). Screening, selection, bias assessment, and data extraction will be completed independently by two reviewers. Integrated methodologies will be employed and quantitative and qualitative data will be combined into a single mixed method synthesis. The Behaviour Change Wheel will be used as an overarching analytical framework and to facilitate interpretation of findings. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Reviewers` Manual and PRISMA-P guidelines have been used to inform this protocol development. Registration: This protocol has been submitted for registration on PROSPERO, registration number CRD42020189568 and is awaiting review.</p

Primary care-based disease management of chronic kidney disease (CKD), based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting, improves patient outcomes.

Background. The majority of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages 3–5 are managed within primary care. We describe the effects, on patient outcomes, of the introduction of an algorithm-based, primary care disease management programme (DMP) for patients with CKD based on automated diagnosis using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) reporting. Methods. Patients within West Lincolnshire Primary Care Trust, UK, population 223, 287 with CKD stage 4 or 5 were enrolled within the DMP between March 2005 and October 2006. We have analysed the performance against clinical targets looking at a change in renal function prior to and following joining the DMP and the proportion of patients achieving clinical targets for blood pressure control and lipid abnormalities. Results. Four hundred and eighty-three patients with CKD stage 4 or 5 were enrolled in the programme. There were significant improvements in the following parameters, expressed as median values (interquartile range) after 9 months in the programme, compared to baseline and percentage values patients achieving target at 9 months: total cholesterol 4.2 (3.45–5.0) mmol/l versus 4.6 (3.9–5.4) mmol/l (P < 0.01), 75.0% versus 64.5% (P < 0.001); LDL 2.2 (1.6–2.8) mmol/l versus 2.5 (1.9–3.2) mmol/l (P < 0.01), 81.9% versus 69.2% (P < 0.05); systolic blood pressure 130 (125–145) mmHg versus 139 (124–154) mmHg (P < 0.05), 56.2% versus 37.1% (P < 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure 71 (65–79) mmHg versus 76 (69–84) mmHg (P < 0.01), 68.4% versus 90.3% (P < 0.01). The median fall (interquartile range) in eGFR in the 9 months prior to joining the programme was 3.69 (1.49–7.46) ml/min/1.73 m2 compared to 0.32 (−2.61–3.12) ml/min/1.73 m2 in the 12 months after enrolment (P < 0.001). One hundred and twenty-two patients experienced a fall in eGFR of ≥5 ml/min/1.73 m2, median 9.90 (6.55–12.36) ml/min/1.73 m2 in the 9 months prior to joining the programme, whilst in the 12 months after enrolment, their median fall in eGFR was −1.70 (−6.41–1.64) ml/min/1.73 m2 (P < 0.001). In the remaining patients, the median fall in eGFR was 1.92 (0.41–3.23) ml/min/1.73 m2 prior to joining the programme and 0.86 (−1.03– 3.53) ml/min/1.73 m2 in the 12 months after enrolment (P = 0.082). Conclusions. These data suggest that chronic disease management in this form is an effective method of identifying and managing patients with CKD within the UK. The improvement in cardiovascular risk factors and reduction in the rate of decline of renal function potentially have significant health benefits for the patients and should result in cost savings for the health economy