Trade Unionism in Bengal Before 1922: Historical Origins, Development and Characteristics.

The aim of this thesis is to describe and account for the development of trade unionism in Bengal from its earliest manifestations at the beginning of the nineteenth century to the formation of a trade union federation in 1922. Chapter 1 indicates the theoretical inadequacies of many existing studies of trade unionism in India, and outlines an alternative perspective, 'Trade unionism' in this thesis refers to all forms of collective action over work or labour market conditions in which all types of employees engage. Chapters 2 and 3 present evidence for trade unionism from the early nineteenth century to the mid-1890s. The engagement in some form of collective activity by employees from all sectors of the labour market, ranging from expatriate civil servants to 'manual' workers, is indicated, and suggestions put forward to account for the limited nature of developments in this period. Chapter 4 discusses three phases of increased strike activity, accompanied by the formation of trade unions, between the mid-1890s and the end of the First World War. This marked development is discussed in relation to changes in the labour market, price rises, and phases of political activity. Chapters 5-8 are concerned with the unprecedented upsurge of trade unionism that occurred between 1918-19 and 1921-2, Chapter 5 presents a statistical description of strike activity and trade union formation which enables phases and patterns of activity to be identified. Chapter 6 examines the relationship between these phases, and changes in living costs, showing through examples the processes whereby employees engaged in, or adopted new forms of trade unionism. Chapter 7 focusses on the relations between post-War trade unionism and the non-cooperation movement, while Chapter 8 examines the organizational consolidation of unions, and attempts made to establish a federation. Chapter 9 draws out some general conclusions about the processes of emergence and development of trade unionism in Bengal

Adult nurse turnover and retention : South London project report

This project was commissioned by Health Education South London (HESL) in response to the workforce planning process for 2014/15 indicating an unprecedented increase in demand for adult nurses in NHS Trusts. The focus of the project was to identify issues and interventions to improve retention of adult nurses and reduce the rate of leaving jobs (turnover). During 2015 the work of the project has included: a systematic literature review to examine evidence of determinants, costs and interventions of adult nurse turnover; analysis of adult nurse workforce data to identify trends and rates in sub-groups of nurses and by characteristics of their employment context; interviews with senior nurse and human resource managers across South London for views and examples of initiatives to reduce turnover; interviews with adult nurses and nurse managers managers as to their views on the issues and initiatives that might help retain nurses. The evidence from each element is presented and then synthesised

What aspects of intentional rounding work in hospital wards, for whom and in what circumstances? A realist evaluation protocol

INTRODUCTION: Intentional rounding (IR) is a structured process whereby nurses in hospitals carry out regular checks, usually hourly, with individual patients using a standardised protocol to address issues of positioning, pain, personal needs and placement of items. The widespread implementation of IR across the UK has been driven by the recommendations of the Francis Inquiry although empirical evidence of its effectiveness is poor. This paper presents a protocol of a multimethod study using a realist evaluation approach to investigate the impact and effectiveness of IR in hospital wards on the organisation, delivery and experience of care from the perspective of patients, their family members and staff. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The study will be conducted in four phases. Phase 1: theory development using realist synthesis to generate hypotheses about what the mechanisms of IR may be, what particular groups may benefit most or least and what contextual factors might be important to its success or failure which will be tested in subsequent phases of the study. Phase 2: a national survey of all NHS acute trusts to explore how IR is implemented and supported across England. Phase 3: case studies to explore how IR is implemented 'on the ground', including individual interviews with patients, family members and staff, non-participant observation, retrieval of routinely collected patient outcomes and cost analysis. Phase 4: accumulative data analysis across the phases to scrutinise data for patterns of congruence and discordance and develop an overall evaluation of what aspects of IR work, for whom and in what circumstances. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study has been approved by NHS South East Coast-Surrey Research Ethics Committee. Findings will be published in a wide range of outputs targeted at key audiences, including patient and carer organisations, nursing staff and healthcare managers

Explaining health managers' information seeking behaviour and use

The aims of the project were to analyse the information behaviour of health service managers in decision-making, to identify the facilitators and barriers to the use of information, and to develop guidelines for improving practice. The study employed a mixed methodology in two phases - five qualitative case studies, and a national survey of managers, and NHS librarians. Managers used a variety of different sources, online, written, people/ networks, and education and training courses. Internet/online sources were very widely used, but personal contacts are more important, and there was also a heavy use of internal Trust data. Only one third found it easy to find information relevant to their work as a manager. They also found it difficult to access information either through lack of time, information overload, or not knowing where to find it. Training in information search was helpful, but those with significant expertise in search and research based sources – librarians and medical staff – reported most difficulty in finding information related to management. However, those who have studied management find it easier, indicating that grounding in management knowledge is important for effective search, selection and application

The determinants and consequences of adult nursing staff turnover: a systematic review of systematic reviews.

BACKGROUND: Nurses leaving their jobs and the profession are an issue of international concern, with supply-demand gaps for nurses reported to be widening. There is a large body of existing literature, much of which is already in review form. In order to advance the usefulness of the literature for nurse and human resource managers, we undertook an overview (review of systematic reviews). The aim of the overview was to identify high quality evidence of the determinants and consequences of turnover in adult nursing. METHODS: Reviews were identified which were published between 1990 and January 2015 in English using electronic databases (the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts, CINAHL plus and SCOPUS) and forward searching. All stages of the review were conducted in parallel by two reviewers. Reviews were quality appraised using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews and their findings narratively synthesised. RESULTS: Nine reviews were included. We found that the current evidence is incomplete and has a number of important limitations. However, a body of moderate quality review evidence does exist giving a picture of multiple determinants of turnover in adult nursing, with - at the individual level - nurse stress and dissatisfaction being important factors and -at the organisational level - managerial style and supervisory support factors holding most weight. The consequences of turnover are only described in economic terms, but are considered significant. CONCLUSIONS: In making a quality assessment of the review as well as considering the quality of the included primary studies and specificity in the outcomes they measure, the overview found that the evidence is not as definitive as previously presented from individual reviews. Further research is required, of rigorous research design, whether quantitative or qualitative, particularly against the outcome of actual turnover as opposed to intention to leave. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO Registration 17 March 2015: CRD42015017613

Imaging and Endovascular Treatment of Bleeding Pelvic Fractures: Review Article

Pelvic fractures are potentially life-threatening injuries with high mortality rates, mainly due to intractable pelvic arterial bleeding. However, concomitant injuries are frequent and may also be the cause of significant blood loss. As treatment varies depending on location and type of hemorrhage, timely imaging is of critical importance. Contrast-enhanced CT offers fast and detailed information on location and type of bleeding. Angiography with embolization for pelvic fracture hemorrhage, particularly when performed early, has shown high success rates as well as low complication rates and is currently accepted as the first method of bleeding control in pelvic fracture-related arterial hemorrhage. In the current review imaging workup, patient selection, technique, results and complications of pelvic embolization are described