The concept of "Networked collection" or "Virtual collection"?: revisiting the classical delineation between "in situ" and "ex situ" conservation and its consequences on database management

A networked collection, also called a virtual collection, is located at more than one geographical/institutional site, spans the genetic diversity of a given species (genepool) and gathers stakeholders having a mutual interest in rationally conserving and exchanging germplasm. In the extreme application of this concept, several accessions could be conserved, each at a distinct site. Many intermediate strategies are also conceivable. The global coconut conservation strategy (GCCS) was developed by the International Coconut Genetic Resources Network (COGENT) and the Global Crop Diversity Trust. This strategy is mainly based on ex situ conservation in five large regional field gene banks. The implementation of a networked collection could allow this system to involve more countries, sites and stakeholders. In order to make the germplasm affordable to stakeholders, the Polymotu concept was integrated as a new approach in the GCCS. Several accessions of coconut palms will be planted, each in a distinct isolated site, such as islets near inhabited islands, isolated valleys, or large plantations of other tree crops. This geographical remoteness will ensure the reproductive isolation needed for true-to-type breeding of the crop varieties through natural and cheap open pollination. A challenge being faced is that of gathering (in the same network and database) accessions held in international genebanks, as well as accessions conserved on islets owned by municipalities, islanders' families or tourism enterprises. Between 1992 and 2003, in a step-by-step manner, a database called CGRD (Coconut Genetic Resources Database) has been developed to manage and describe the accessions conserved in the ex situ coconut field genebank. This database system will have to be updated in order to integrate further geographical, social and ethnological information. Data will include not only Bioversity standard descriptors, but also additional information regarding places where the germplasm is conserved, information about the owners of these places, and rules that regulate access to the germplasm. The responsibility of funding such a networked/virtual collection could be shared by participants (who could provide part of the infrastructural costs) and by donors (through the funding of specific activities focussed on priority unique accessions). In order to improve the quality of conservation, funding could be allocated on an accession basis, according to evaluations conducted by the COGENT network. Criteria for the selection of an accession for conservation in the virtual/networked collection include: the ability to reproduce true-to-type, genetic representativeness, uniqueness of the germplasm, and policy considerations. Database management will be essential for conducting such evaluations. (Texte intégral

The cocoa of excellence and international cocoa awards initiatives: rewarding diversity and excellence in producing high-quality cocoa origins

The Cocoa of Excellence (CoE) and International Cocoa Awards (ICA) were launched by Bioversity International, CIRAD, and EVENT International in 2008. EVENT International is the organiser of the "Salon du Chocolat" in Paris every year and the International Cocoa Awards (ICA) ceremonies. The CoE/ICA was partially supported by the project: "Cocoa of Excellence: Unravelling and celebrating diverse flavour qualities of cocoas to promote market differentiation" from Oct. 2009 to Sept. 2011, funded by the Common Fund for Commodities (CFC) supervised by the International Cocoa Organization (ICCO). The partners in the Cocoa of Excellence CFC/ICCO project were Bioversity International (Project Executing Agency), CIRAD, Event International, ICCO, the Alliance of Cocoa Producing Countries Cocoa (COPAL), the World Cocoa Foundation (WCF), Mars Inc., Barry Callebaut, Belcolade and Cacao Atlanta (joined in 2011) with contributions in kind from the Cocoa Research Unit (now Cocoa Research Centre) of the University of the West Indies (CRC/UWI) and ICAM. A total of 152, 147 and 119 bean samples were provided by individual farmers or farmers' organizations from 20, 19 and 22 cocoa producing countries to participate in the CoE/ICA in 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. Liquors were elaborated by CIRAD (2009 and 2010) and Mars (2011) from all samples, using agreed standard procedures. These liquors were characterised first by a Jury of International Expert for basic flavours (acidity, bitterness and astringency), for "positive" flavours (cocoa, fresh fruits, brown fruits, floral, nutty, sweetness, spicy and woody) and for "overall preference". The best 50 liquors from this first assessment were transformed into chocolates according to an agreed protocol and nominated for the ICA's at the Salon du Chocolat in Paris in 2009, 2010 and 2011. The 50 chocolate samples were evaluated by a second Jury comprised of approximately 20 chocolate professionals. ICA awards were attributed to samples from each of the four main cocoa producing regions: (1) Africa, (2) South-East Asia and the Pacific, (3) Central America and the Caribbean, and (4) South America. The ICA awards were handed to country representatives during special events at the Salon du Chocolat. The CoE Programme triggered a strong interest in many cocoa producing countries due to the potential benefits of recognition of the quality of nominated and Awarded samples. The Awards are a very important recognition of the work of the many producers who all benefit, even if only one or a few of them end up winning an Award. Twenty-seven cocoa producing countries out of the 40 participated in at least one of the three CoE/ICA editions (2009, 2010 and 2011). Several countries have expressed an interest in organising a national selection process. The efficient and effective implementation of the CoE project relies on well-2 functioning national organizations with capacity to coordinate the process at the national level and liaise efficiently with the many producers of cacao for fine chocolates. Bioversity, CIRAD, and EVENT are committed to continue the CoE Programme and are seeking interest from sponsorships. COPAL is considering taking on the role of interfacing with producing countries with Bioversity providing an overall coordination together with CIRAD and EVENT. Continuous engagement in the Programme was assured from the industry partners. The CoE/ICA editions will be carried out every two years and the next one will be in 2013. Visit www.cocoaofexcellence.org for all information on previous editions, technical guidelines, forms and contacts (Résumé d'auteur

A global strategy for the conservation and use of cacao genetic resources, as the Foundation for a sustainable cocoa economy

The future of the world cocoa economy depends on the availability of genetic diversity and the sustainable use of this broad genetic base to breed improved varieties. Decreasing cacao genetic diversity (in situ, on-farm and conserved in collections) is a serious problem and all its many causes need to be urgently addressed: the destruction of the Amazonian rainforests, changing patterns of land use, the spread of pests and diseases, sudden changes in climate, and threats from natural disasters and extreme weather. These factors are resulting in an irreversible loss of the cacao genetic diversity so essential for farmers, breeders, and consumers. Most of the countries involved in the improvement and production of cacao are highly dependent on genes and varieties characterized and conserved in other countries and regions. Effective management of cacao genetic resources can therefore only be carried out through international collaboration. A considerable portion of the global cacao diversity is in situ, in farmers' fields and held in genebanks around the world, including two international collections maintained at the Cocoa Research Centre of the University of the West Indies (CRC/UWI), Trinidad and Tobago, and at the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Costa Rica. Unfortunately, much of the genetic resources maintained in national collections is under-used or at risk, and funding remains insufficient and unstable. The vision of the Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cacao Genetic Resources is to improve the livelihoods of the 5-6 million farmers in developing countries across tropical Africa, Asia and Latin America and the 40-50 million people who depend upon cocoa for their livelihoods. The specific goal is to optimize the conservation and maximize the use of cacao genetic resources as the foundation of a sustainable cocoa economy. This it does by bringing together national and international players in public and private sectors. The expected outputs are: (1) the cacao genepool is conserved in situ and ex situ for the long term by a global network of partners, (2) the global system for the safe exchange of cacao germplasm is strengthened, (3) the use of cacao genetic diversity is optimized and (4) the effectiveness of global efforts to conserve and use cacao genetic resources is assured. To ensure these outputs are implemented, the first and urgent task will be to secure funding for the existing cacao genetic diversity currently maintained in ex situ collections and accessible in the public domain. CacaoNet will work towards the establishment of an endowment fund for the conservation and use of the most valuable resources in perpetuity. At the centre of the Global Strategy is the Global Strategic Cacao Collection (GSCC): a "virtual genebank" of accessions of highest priority for conservation, wherever they are physically located. The accessions will be selected to capture the greatest range of genetic (allelic) richness and key traits of interest to users. The inclusion of materials in the GSCC will be on the basis that governments concerned will be willing to place them in the public domain, and will take the necessary political and legal steps to do so and thus to make this material available to users worldwide. The Global Strategy, developed by the Global Network for Cacao Genetic Resources (CacaoNet), is the result of a consultation process that drew upon the global cocoa community's expertise in all aspects of cacao genetic resources. It provides a clear framework to secure funding for the most urgent needs to ensure that cacao diversity is conserved, used and provides direct benefits to the millions of small-scale cacao farmers around the world. (Résumé d'auteur

Farmers' perception on the importance of variegated grasshopper (Zonocerus variegatus (L.)) in the agricultural production systems of the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon

BACKGROUND: Zonocerus variegatus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) is known as an agricultural pest in West and Central Africa. However, its importance in the agricultural production system in Cameroon has not been investigated. The study assesses farmers' perception on the importance of Z. variegatus in the agricultural production systems of the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon. METHODS: Research was carried out in 5 villages of each of three Agro-Ecological, Cultural and Demographic Blocks (AECD-Blocks) of the Forest Margin Benchmark Area (FMBA). In each village, a semi-structured survey was used; male and female groups of farmers were interviewed separately. RESULTS: Z. variegatus is present throughout the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon, where it is ranked as the third most economically important insect pest of agriculture. In the farmers' opinion, Z. variegatus is a polyphagous insect with little impact on young perennial crops. The length of the pre-farming fallow does not affect Z. variegatus pest pressure in the following crops. The increased impact of the grasshopper observed today in the fields, compared to what existed 10 years ago is as a result of deforestation and increase in surface of herbaceous fallow. The damage caused by Z. variegatus is higher in fields adjacent to C. odorata and herbaceous fallows than in those adjacent to forests and shrubby fallows. The fight against this grasshopper is often done through physical methods carried out by hand, for human consumption. The farmers highlight low usage of the chemical methods and a total absence of biological and ecological methods. CONCLUSION: Farmers' perception have contributed to understanding the status of Z. variegatus in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon. The results are in general similar to those obtained in other countries

Insect pests’ incidence and variations due to forest landscape degradation in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon: farmers’ perception and need for adopting an integrated pest management strategy

Group surveys were conducted in five villages in each of the three resource-use zones of the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon, to assess insect pests’ incidence and the variation due to forest landscape degradation in the agricultural production systems. 389 farmers were interviewed. The results show that: (1) In annual crop systems, insect pests in general rank together with vertebrate pests and diseases amongst the most important agronomic constraints. No differences were found between the intensification zones, except for weeds, which appeared to be a greater constraint in the slightly degraded area. Within the insect pest, the greatest damage to crops according to farmers originated from borers and scales, followed by variegated grasshopper. Only the termites showed a difference between zones - the problem being greatest in the high-degraded areas. (2) In the young perennial crop systems, all the categories of agronomic constraints were equally important. Within the insect pest, mirids were identified as the greatest constraint, followed by borers and caterpillars. There were more variations in the responses according to zones compared to annual crops. Termites and scales were relatively more important in the high-degraded area. In term of control strategy, we recommended an integrated pest management.Keywords: Farmers, pest, insect, annual crop, perennial crop, integrated pest managemen

General practitioners' perspectives on lifestyle interventions for cognitive preservation in dementia prevention

Background: General practitioners (GPs) play a crucial role in identifying cognitive impairment and dementia and providing post-diagnostic care. This study investigates (1) how promising GP consider lifestyle changes to maintain cognitive performance in general, (2) GP beliefs about the power of modifiable health and lifestyle factors to maintain cognitive performance, and (3) whether those beliefs vary by GP age. Methods: As part of the AgeWell.de trial, GPs (n = 72) completed a process evaluation questionnaire assessing their perspectives on lifestyle changes to preserve cognitive performance in elderly patients. In greater detail, their perceived efficacy of established risk and protective factors was investigated using a 5-point Likert scale. Descriptive statistical analyses were performed for research question (1) and (2). Spearman´s rank correlations and ordinal logistic regressions were used to answer research question (3). All results were interpreted exploratively. Results: GPs rated the overall chance of lifestyle changes maintaining cognitive performance quite neutral with a median score of 3.0 (IQR = 2.0). They rated the efficacy of all the modifiable health and lifestyle factors high, with increase in physical and social activity ((Mdn = 5.0, IQR = 1.0) receiving the highest ratings with the narrowest range. Spearman's rank correlation indicated a significant positive relationship between age and the belief in “Optimization of nutrition” for preventing cognitive decline and dementia (ρ = .255, p = .041). However, ordinal logistic regressions showed no significant relationships between age and GP ratings of lifestyle change efficacy. Conclusion: These findings highlight the positive perception of GPs on the efficacy of modifiable health and lifestyle factors for preventing cognitive decline and dementia

Dr. Heinrich von Stephan

DR. HEINRICH VON STEPHAN Dr. Heinrich von Stephan / Stephan, Heinrich von (Public Domain) ( - ) Abbildung: Letztes Jagdbild Sr. Excellenz des Staatssekretärs Dr. H. v. Stephan aus dem Jahre 1896 ( - ) Title page ( - ) Stempel: Bibliothek des Reichs-Postamts ( - ) Preface ( - ) Text (5) Abbildung: Generalpostmeister Dr. von Stephan ( - ) Haarwild (11) Federwild (22) Abbildung: Eine Wanddekoration aus dem von Stephan'schen Speisesaale ([25]) Stephan als Jagddichter (30) Stephan auf und nach der Jagd (33) Schlußwort (35) Imprint ( - ) ColorChart ( -