254 research outputs found
Diffusion based degradation mechanisms in giant magnetoresistive spin valves
Spin valve systems based on the giant magnetoresistive (GMR) effect as used
for example in hard disks and automotive applications consist of several
functional metallic thin film layers. We have identified by secondary ion mass
spectrometry (SIMS) two main degradation mechanisms: One is related to oxygen
diffusion through a protective cap layer, and the other one is interdiffusion
directly at the functional layers of the GMR stack. By choosing a suitable
material as cap layer (TaN), the oxidation effect can be suppressed.Comment: 3 pages, 3 figures. to be published in Appl. Phys. Let
DIRAC framework evaluation for the -LAT and CTA experiments
DIRAC (Distributed Infrastructure with Remote Agent Control) is a general
framework for the management of tasks over distributed heterogeneous computing
environments. It has been originally developed to support the production
activities of the LHCb (Large Hadron Collider Beauty) experiment and today is
extensively used by several particle physics and biology communities. Current
( Large Area Telescope -- LAT) and planned (Cherenkov Telescope Array --
CTA) new generation astrophysical/cosmological experiments, with very large
processing and storage needs, are currently investigating the usability of
DIRAC in this context. Each of these use cases has some peculiarities:
-LAT will interface DIRAC to its own workflow system to allow the access
to the grid resources, while CTA is using DIRAC as workflow management system
for Monte Carlo production and analysis on the grid. We describe the prototype
effort that we lead toward deploying a DIRAC solution for some aspects of
-LAT and CTA needs.Comment: proceedings to CHEP 2013 conference : http://www.chep2013.org
Individual Sanctions for Competition Law Infringements: Pros, Cons and Challenges
Following the substantive harmonization in Regulation (EC) no. 1/2003, the European Commission has started more recently to focus on the harmonization of procedure and sanctions, and in January 2016, the European Parliament called for penalties against natural persons. This special issue looks at the current state of individual sanctions on the EU Member State level, examines from a comparative perspective the institutional challenges which these individual sanctions present, especially for leniency programmes, and discusses the pros and cons of introducing further individual, in particular criminal sanctions in Europe. It examines the experience with criminal sanctions in France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, and presents empirical evidence on public attitudes towards competition law infringements in various Member States and the United States
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Influence of wavelength and accumulated fluence at picosecond laser-induced surface roughening of copper on secondary electron yield
Ultrashort-pulse laser processing of copper is performed in air to reduce the secondary electron yield (SEY). By UV (355 nm), green
(532 nm), and IR (1064 nm) laser-light induced surface modification, this study investigates the influence of the most relevant experimental
parameters, such as laser power, scanning speed, and scanning line distance (represented as accumulated fluence) on the ablation depth,
surface oxidation, topography, and ultimately on the SEY. Increasing the accumulated laser fluence results in a gradual change from a Cu 2 O
to a CuO-dominated surface with deeper micrometer trenches, higher density of redeposited surface particles from the plasma phase, and a
reduced SEY. While the surface modifications are less pronounced for IR radiation at low accumulated fluence (,1000 J/cm2 ), analogous
results are obtained for all wavelengths when reaching the nonlinear absorption regime, for which the SEY maximum converges to 0.7.
Furthermore, independent of the extent of the structural transformations, an electron-induced surface conditioning at 250 eV allows a
reduction of the SEY maximum below unity at doses of 5×10 -4 C/mm2 . Consequently, optimization of processing parameters for application
in particle accelerators can be obtained for a sufficiently low SEY at controlled ablation depth and surface particle density, which are factors
that limit the surface impedance and the applicability of the material processing for ultrahigh vacuum systems. The relations between pro-
cessing parameters and surface features will provide guidance in treating the surface of vacuum components, especially beam screens of
selected magnets of the Large Hadron Collider or of future colliders
The Puzzle of Neutron Lifetime
In this paper we review the role of the neutron lifetime and discuss the
present status of measurements. In view of the large discrepancy observed by
the two most precise individual measurements so far we describe the different
techniques and point out principle strengths and weaknesses. In particular we
discuss the estimation of systematic uncertainties and its correlation to the
statistical ones. In order to solve the present puzzle, many new experiments
are either ongoing or being proposed. An overview on their possible
contribution to this field will be given.Comment: 10 pages, 19 figures, Proceedings of the International Workshop on
Particle Physics with Slow Neutron
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