Reakce poptávky domácností po energii na zvyšování energetické účinnost i : bližší pohled na "rebound" efekt

Zvyšování energetické účinnosti se stalo jednou z hlavních nadějí na snižování poptávky po energii a na dosažení ekologických cílů. Efektivita politik založených na propagaci energetické účinnosti však může být podkopána změnou chování ekonomických subjektů. Efektivněji vyráběná energetická služba (například vytápění domácnosti) se totiž stává levnější a ekonomická teorie pak říká, že spotřebitelé by této služby měli spotřebovávat více, čímž se sníží potenciálních úspory z lepší účinnosti. Tento jev je nazýván "rebound" efekt a od počátku osmdesátých let se dostal do hledáčku mnoha energetických ekonomů. Ani dnes však neexistuje shoda na jeho významnosti. Kvantifikace "rebound" efektu naráží zvláště na špatnou dostupnost dat a porovnání empirických výsledků je ztíženo metodologickou rozmanitostí jednotlivých studií. Tato práce se soustředí právě na teorii poptávky po energetických službách, definice a metodologii jejího odhadování. Poskytuje komplexní přehled studií v dané oblasti a nastiňuje, které metodologické postupy nejlépe odpovídají ekonomické teorii.Energy efficiency improvements have become a major hope for decoupling the energy demand from economic growth and for achieving environmental goals. Nevertheless, effectiveness of policies based on promoting energy efficiency may be undermined by behavioral responses. More efficiently produced energy service becomes cheaper and economic theory then suggests that consumers should demand more of it, which will cause a loss of the potential technological saving. The phenomenon is called the rebound effect and it has become a focus of energy economists since early 80s. However, even today there is no clear consensus on its importance. Quantification of the rebound effect is mainly hampered by poor data availability and the comparison of results is not straightforward due to methodological differences. Our thesis concentrates right on the economic theory of the demand for energy services, definitions and methodology of its estimation. It provides a comprehensive overview of what was done in the domain and suggests which methodological approaches correspond the most to the economic theory.Institute of Economic StudiesInstitut ekonomických studiíFaculty of Social SciencesFakulta sociálních vě

A Service of zbw Leibniz-Informationszentrum Wirtschaft Leibniz Information Centre for Economics Knowledge spillovers through international supply chains World Trade Organization Economic Research and Statistics Division Knowledge spillovers through inter

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen: Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden. Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen. Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte. Disclaimer: This is a working paper, and hence it represents research in progress. This paper represents the personal opinions of individual staff members and/or external contributors, and is not meant to represent the position or opinions of the WTO or its Members, nor the official position of any staff members. Any errors are the fault of the authors. Terms of use: Documents in Knowledge spillovers through international supply chains Knowledge spillovers through international supply chains Roberta Piermartini 1 and Stela Rubínová 2 23 July 2014 Abstract Using industry-level R&D and patent data for a sample of 29 countries for the period 2000-2008, we study the importance of international supply linkages for knowledge spillovers. We find a statistically significant effect of supply chains on international knowledge spillovers. We show that knowledge spillovers increase with the intensity of supply chains linkages between countries. We also show that the evidence that knowledge spillovers flow along the supply chains is more robust than the traditional finding that knowledge spillovers depend on geographical distance or trade flows. Our findings support policies that favour participation in supply chains to foster economic development, but also show that potential gains depend on the type of participation

Reaction of household energy demand to improvements in energy efficiency : What about the rebound effect?

Energy efficiency improvements have become a major hope for decoupling the energy demand from economic growth and for achieving environmental goals. Nevertheless, effectiveness of policies based on promoting energy efficiency may be undermined by behavioral responses. More efficiently produced energy service becomes cheaper and economic theory then suggests that consumers should demand more of it, which will cause a loss of the potential technological saving. The phenomenon is called the rebound effect and it has become a focus of energy economists since early 80s. However, even today there is no clear consensus on its importance. Quantification of the rebound effect is mainly hampered by poor data availability and the comparison of results is not straightforward due to methodological differences. Our thesis concentrates right on the economic theory of the demand for energy services, definitions and methodology of its estimation. It provides a comprehensive overview of what was done in the domain and suggests which methodological approaches correspond the most to the economic theory

Reaction of Household Energy Demand to Improvements in Energy Efficiency: Theory and Its Implications for the Construction of Empirically Tested Models

Energy efficiency improvements have become a major hope for decoupling the energy demand from economic growth and for achieving environmental goals. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of policies based on promoting energy efficiency may be undermined by behavioral responses. A more efficiently produced energy service becomes cheaper and economic theory then suggests that consumers should demand more of it, which will cause a loss of the potential technological saving. The phenomenon is called the rebound effect and it has become a focus of energy economists since early 80s. However, even today there is no clear consensus on its importance. Quantification of the rebound effect is mainly hampered by poor data availability and the comparison of results is not straightforward due to methodological differences. Our study concentrates right on the economic theory of the demand for energy services, definitions and their applicability to empirical estimation. It summarizes the state of knowledge and elaborates on plausible models for empirical quantification of the rebound effect which should bear consistent results.rebound effect, household demand, energy efficiency, energy demand

Reaction of household energy demand to improvements in energy efficiency : What about the rebound effect?

Energy efficiency improvements have become a major hope for decoupling the energy demand from economic growth and for achieving environmental goals. Nevertheless, effectiveness of policies based on promoting energy efficiency may be undermined by behavioral responses. More efficiently produced energy service becomes cheaper and economic theory then suggests that consumers should demand more of it, which will cause a loss of the potential technological saving. The phenomenon is called the rebound effect and it has become a focus of energy economists since early 80s. However, even today there is no clear consensus on its importance. Quantification of the rebound effect is mainly hampered by poor data availability and the comparison of results is not straightforward due to methodological differences. Our thesis concentrates right on the economic theory of the demand for energy services, definitions and methodology of its estimation. It provides a comprehensive overview of what was done in the domain and suggests which methodological approaches correspond the most to the economic theory

Knowledge Spillovers through International Supply Chains

Abstract Using industry-level R&D and patent data for a sample of 29 countries for the period 2000-2008, we study the importance of international supply linkages for knowledge spillovers. We find a statistically significant effect of supply chains on international knowledge spillovers and show that knowledge spillovers increase with the intensity of supply chain linkages between countries. We also show that the evidence that knowledge spillovers flow along supply chains is more robust than the traditional finding that knowledge spillovers depend on geographical distance or trade flows. This finding supports policies that favour participation in supply chains to foster economic development

Revisiting the role of trade and automation in US labor market polarization

The increase in the share of high- and low-wage employment at the expense of middle-wage employment has been a striking feature of the US economy. We exploit differences across local labor markets in the exposure to Global Value Chains (GVCs), Chinese import competition and automation to study the drivers of this labor market polarization. Using value added trade data, we are able to correctly assign trade-related shocks to local labor markets, based on the source of value added. Across the 722 commuting zones that approximate US local labor markets, we find that employment polarization is mainly driven by their exposure to automation. GVCs lead to an increase in the employment share of relatively high-wage occupations (which we call ‘skill upgrading’), while import competition from China leads to an increase in the employment share of relatively low-wage occupations (which we call ‘skill downgrading’). Trade as a combination of the two thus may contribute to employment polarization but to a lesser extent than automation